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Transcript available
1425, May 7
Akershus
King Erik of Norway and Denmark forbids all trade of Germans and other foreigners with Northern Norway, Iceland and the other tributary lands, which they have recently started, and orders his lawmen and officials to act against violations of this rule.
Transcript available
1431, June 30
Þingvellir
The Icelandic governor, lawmen and lawrightmen acknowledge King Erik of Pomerania as king of Iceland, and decide among others that foreign merchants are only allowed to trade with special permission of the king, and are not allowed to stay in winter.
Transcript available
1434, February 9
Danzig (Gda?sk)
Five men confess that two years earlier, seven days after St Gregory (1432, March 20), Eynwolt Everdes was killed on the ship of Peter Dambecken in Iceland.
Transcript available
1435, February 19
Danzig (Gda?sk)
Peter Dambecke confesses, that he has received the freight which he had earned with his ship from Iceland in England and gives the shipowners his part of the ship back.
Transcript available
[1435]
Peter Karssche, Hans Brün, Claus Kruse and Arnd Negenradt confess, that they sailed from [Danzig] with skipper Peter Dambecke to Iceland, where they arrived three weeks after St James (c. 15 August 1434), at which time all the fish had already been bough by the English, whereupon they decided to stay over winter, but the skipper did not want this, and therefore the English bought up their commodities.
[1435]
Fragment of a lawsuit of an unnamed bishop against skipper Peter Dambeke, in which it is complained by various merchants that Dambeke had left Iceland earlier than agreed and had left their commodities on land, which were spoilt or taken by the English. Therefore, a compensation is claimed of 500 English nobles.
Transcript available
1442, March 4
Lübeck
Cordt Sten promises to pay 100 mark to Remmerde Vlenhot and Dyderyk Lampen to sail to Iceland to bring a letter to his brother Henninge Sten and to find out if he is still alive.
Transcript available
[1470-1486]
[Lübeck]
Chronicle of Christian van Gheren, secretary of the Bergen merchants in Lübeck, which mentions among others the royal permission to sail to Iceland in 1468, and riots in Hamburg because of the trade with Iceland in 1483.
Transcript available
1469, December 31
Braunschweig
Braunschweig to Lübeck: ask legal advice in a case where their citizen Frederik Leddinghusen has freighted the ship of Bremen skipper Marten Stene for Iceland, who shipwrecked on Shetland on the journey, but still wants to receive the full promised freighting money.
Transcript available
1470, December 30
Braunschweig
Braunschweig to Bremen: regarding the conflict between Frederik Ledinghusen from Braunschweig and skipper Martene Steen from Bremen, in which the latter claimed the full freight money from Leddinghusen for transporting commodities to Iceland, even though he shipwrecked in Shetland, the Hanseatic Diet has decided in 1447 that in such cases, only part of the freight money is due, and therefore it is asked to see that the matter is settled.
Transcript available
1473, September 1
Utrecht
Complaints of Holland against the Wendish cities during negotiations in Utrecht, among others that two years earlier merchants from Amsterdam sailed to Hafnarfjörður in Iceland, where they encountered English merchants who had confiscated a German ship and captured the crew, whereupon the Germans were freed and taken back to Amsterdam, but nevertheless Peter Peterszon, one of the Amsterdam merchants, was later captured in Hamburg and condemned to pay compensation to the city.
Transcript available
1476
Bergen
The bishop of Bergen and others to King Henry of England: complain about the robbery of Hanseatic merchant Johannis Rorembergh in Iceland by English merchants, and demand that this act does not remain unpunished.
Transcript available
1476
Hamburg
Treasurer accounts (Kämmereirechnungen) of the city of Hamburg, containing revenues and expenses of the two ships Hispanigerd and Grote Marie, which were fitted out by the city in cooperation with Diderich Vriensteen to sail to Iceland.
Transcript available
1476, March 7
Bergen
The bishop of Bergen and the master of the royal chapter declare their support in favour of Hanseatic merchant Johannes Mønik and skipper Johannis Rørembergh, who have been robbed in Iceland by English merchants, and demand that this should not go unpunished.
Transcript available
1476, June 10
Gislo Johannis, bishop of Skálholt, and other Icelanders proclaim that the ship that was robbed by Bristol merchants in Iceland belonged to Bergen merchants, that the Lübeck merchants in Iceland have supported the governor with weapons against the English, and that the ship was left by the crew after it stranded.
Transcript available
1476, June 15
Lübeck
Representatives of the Hanseatic cities gathered in Lübeck to King Edward IV of England: complain that merchants from Bristol stole a ship and fishes with a total worth of 2000 pound sterling from Lübeck merchants in Iceland in the previous year, and demand compensation.
Transcript available
[1477], February 14
Westminster
King Edward IV of England to Richard, Duke of Gloucester: states how merchants from Lübeck and Hamburg have complained that a Hamburg ship which was on its way from Iceland to London stranded near Hartlepool in Yorkshire, where it was robbed by English knights, and demands prosecution of the latter and compensation for the involved merchants.
Transcript available
1480, June 30
Lübeck
Lübeck to Rostock: answer to a letter about the request of Hamburg to receive Rostock barrels for brewing beer in the Kremper marsch for the export to Iceland, which was blocked by Lübeck coopers, as it is claimed that this beer would eventually be exported to Bergen, which would be unfair competition for Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund and Lübeck, and therefore the matter should be discussed at the next Diet.
Transcript available
1480, November 16
Lübeck
Proceedings of the Diet of Wendish cities in Lübeck, where among others the use of Rostock barrels for the brewing of beer for the export to Iceland by Hamburg is discussed.
Transcript available
1481, September 10
Bergen
Eldermen of the Hanseatic Kontor in Bergen to Lübeck and the other Wendish cities: state that the king has given permission to sail to Iceland and Shetland, but did so without the support of the Norwegian Council of the Realm, and therefore asks to prohibit this trade, which damages the position of Bergen.
Transcript available
1481, September 12
Bergen
Norwegian Council of the Realm to Lübeck: cancels the permission that King Christian I of Norway gave to Hamburg merchants to visit Iceland, and demands that Icelandic commodities are traded via the Bergen staple again.
Transcript available
1483, February 1
Halmstad
Members of the Danish and Norwegian Council of the Realm choose Hans, the son of Christian I, as their king, who promises to comply to a set of regulations, among others not to allow Hanseatic merchants to trade in Iceland.
Transcript available
1484, January 20
Bruges
Eldermen of the Hanseatic Kontor in Bruges to [Danzig]: declare that the statement of Clauwes Sluck, who claimed that the Kontor has made an arrangement with the Spanish pirates who stole the ship of Hinrick Scroder from Danzig, which came from Iceland, is not true, and ask to send representatives to negotiate the matter with Spain in Bruges.
Transcript available
1484, March 11
Lübeck
Proceedings of the Diet of the Wendish cities in Lübeck, in which the Bergen merchants complain about the Icelandic trade, whereby Hamburg merchants are sailing from other cities such as Wismar, upon which it is decided that this trade should end, and that letters should be sent to Bremen and Danzig to prevent ships from sailing to Iceland.
Transcript available
1484, March 16
Lübeck
The representatives of the Wendish cities gathered in Lübeck and the city council of Lübeck to Danzig: relate how the Norwegian Council of the Realm and the Hanseatic Kontor in Bergen have complained bitterly about the Icelandic trade, and therefore it is decided to stop the trade with Iceland, Shetland and the Faroes, and it is requested to prevent the ships which are currently prepared to sail to Iceland from Danzig from leaving.
Transcript available
1485, May 21
London
King Richard III of England to Hamburg: relates how three English ships were attacked by Hamburg citizens in Iceland last year, and requests persecution of the perpetrators.
Transcript available
[1486, before March 9]
[London]
Complaints of English skippers and merchants about competition from the Hanse, among others that Hanseatic merchants have started to trade in Iceland and are cooperating with the Danes against the English.
Transcript available
1486, April 28
Lübeck
The representatives of the Wendish cities gathered in Lübeck and the city council of Lübeck to Danzig: report that the Hanseatic Kontor in Bergen has complained that once again merchants from Danzig and other cities have traded in Iceland and the Faroes, which is forbidden, and state that anyone who does so will lose the right of using the Bergen privileges and the protection of the Kontor.
Transcript available
[1486, May 24 - June 20]
[Lübeck]
Proceedings of the Hanseatic Diet in Lübeck, in which among others the representatives of the Bergen Kontor complain about the trade with Iceland, Shetland and the Faroes, which damages their position, upon which the gathered representatives promise to refrain from this trade, except those from Danzig and Hamburg, who claim not to have permission to decide in this matter.
Transcript available
[1487, May 28 - June 15]
[Lübeck]
Report of Riga burgomaster Johann Schöning about the Hanseatic Diet in Lübeck, where among others the representatives of the Kontor in Bergen complained about direct trade in Iceland, which damages the Kontor.
Transcript available
1489, February 11
Lübeck
Lübeck to Wismar: answer to a request about a holk which is to be freighted to sail to Iceland, that the council has forbidden a ship to sail from Lübeck to Iceland, and that Hamburg will probably not stop such journeys, but advise to forbid this trade until the coming Diet of the Wendish cities.
Transcript available
1489, March 12
Lübeck
Proceedings of the Diet of Wendish cities in Lübeck, in which among others the eldermen of the Bergen merchants complain about the trade with Iceland, Shetland and the Faroes, whereupon all gathered cities except Hamburg decide that they shall refrain from this trade if Hamburg does so as well.
Transcript available
1490, March 28
Copenhagen
King John of Denmark and Norway allows merchants from cities in Holland to trade in Bergen, Iceland and Shetland, under the same conditions as the merchants from the German Hansa.
Transcript available
1498, May 28
Bremen
Proceeding of the Hanseatic Diet in Bremen, in which among others the Kontor in Bergen complains about merchants sailing to Shetland and the Faroes and mixing fish from various origins, upon which the prohibition is repeated to sail to Shetland and other islands, except for Iceland, on the penalty of exclusion from the Hanse.
Transcript available
1499, June 14 - July 20
Bruges
Danzig (Gda?sk) report of the negotiations between Hanseatic and English envoys in Bruges, in which among others the import of fish from Iceland, wine, and herring to London is discussed.
Transcript available
1500, April 4
[Hamburg]
Clerics from St John's Monastery in Hamburg and members of the community of Iceland merchants declare to have founded a confraternity called St Anne of the Iceland merchants, which shall have an altar and chapel in the monastery church, where they can bury their dead and where the brothers shall read two masses weekly, remember the names of the members, and visit the graves twice a year, for the price of 75 mark and an annual contribution of 15 mark.
Transcript available
1502, [between February 6 and March 26]
[Lübeck?]
[Lübeck merchants with Bergen?] to the Hanseatic Kontor in Bergen: report among others about the situation in various lands, complaints of Kampen, Deventer and Zwolle about the Kontor, and that they have not received news from Bremen, nor about the Iceland merchants Kinkel and Wilde.
Transcript available
1506, [after January 28]
[Hamburg]
Hans Tappe to Hamburg: answer to the complaint of Lubberd Tydeman, Hans Schulhovet and their companions in the conflict about the use of the harbour Grindeforde, in which he states that it is custom that if a merchant uses a certain harbour in Iceland and has paid the tolls, he has the sole right to trade there and shall not be hindered by others, even though the seas are free to use by anyone. Therefore, Hans Tappe is the one that was hindered by the others and shall be compensated with 1000 mark.
Transcript available
1506, January 28
[Hamburg]
Luberd Tideman, Hans Schulhovet, Dirick Kruse, Pawel Peeck, Eler van Stendern the younger, Luder Wolter and Clawes Bremer to Hamburg: complaint against Hans Tappe, who would not permit them to use the harbour Grindeforde in Iceland, where he had arrived three days before them, and whose men attacked them when they tried to bring their goods to shore. Therefore, they demand compensation for the suffered damage.
Transcript available
[1507, May 20 - June 7]
Deventer and Kampen to the Hanseatic Kontor in Bergen: complaints about the Kontor, among others about the forbidden trade with Iceland, Shetland and the Faroes, which provides unfair competition as it brings cheap fish of inferior quality on the market, and about unfair treatment of merchants from the Zuiderzee cities by the Kontor.
1509, August 14
Hamburg
[Hamburg] to the king Frederick I of Denmark: complaint about hindrance of Cordt Froudendal's activities in the harbour Botsand in Iceland by English merchants.
Transcript available
[1511, June 16 - July 5]
Lübeck
Proceedings of the Hanseatic Diet in Lübeck, in which among others the German attacks on the English in Iceland are discussed, whereupon it is decided that the merchants should be admonished to refrain from such behaviour.
Transcript available
1513, June 18
Report of Hamburg secretary Johann Reinken about the negotiations of Hanseatic cities with Denmark in Copenhagen, in which among others the King and the Council of the Realm state that Bremen and Hamburg are only allowed to trade in Iceland if they bring the fish to England.
Transcript available
1513, July 26
Copenhagen
Agreement between King Christian II of Denmark-Norway and the Wendish cities, in which the Hanseatic privileges in Bergen are renewed, among others that Hanseatic merchants will refrain from the trade with Iceland, except if they bring the fish to England.
Transcript available
1513, August 12
Nyköping
King Christian II of Denmark to the Wendish cities: declares that, after complaints from the Hanseatic Kontor in Bergen, it is forbidden to trade directly with Iceland, unless the fish is brought directly to England.
Transcript available
[1514]
Complaints of the Hanseatic Kontor in Bergen, collected for the negotiations with the Danish king in Oslo, in which the direct trade of Hamburg, Bremen and Holland with Iceland, Shetland and the Faroes is presented as the main reason for the Kontor's demise.
Transcript available
1515, August 18
Copenhagen
King Christian II of Denmark proclaims that it is forbidden for German merchants to trade in Iceland, unless the fish is directly brought to England, on the penalty of loosing protection and the use of privileges in Norway.
Transcript available
[1517, June 14 - July 5]
[Lübeck]
Proceedings of the Hanseatic Diet in Lübeck, in which among others the gathered representatives emphasize that merchants in Iceland should behave peacefully towards the English, the Hanseatic Kontor in Bergen complains against the Icelandic trade, and Osnabrück complains about the mixing of Shetlandic and Icelandic fish in Bremen.
Transcript available
1517, July 20
Bergen
The Hanseatic Kontor to Klaus Repenhagen, Gerd Krudup and Hans Cordes, eldermen of the Bergen merchants in Lübeck: request to present the Kontor's complaints at the Wendish Diet in Lübeck, among others about the direct trade with Iceland.
Transcript available
1518, June 19 - July 14
Lübeck
Proceedings of the Hanseatic Diet in Lübeck, in which among others it is decided that Hanseatic merchants are only allowed to trade in Iceland when they bring the fish to England, and that the merchants should behave peacefully towards the English.
Transcript available
[1518, before June 30]
[London]
Complaints of the Hanseatic Kontor in London, among others that the violent behaviour of German merchants against the English in Iceland damages the position of the Kontor, and that the ship of Hamburg skipper Cordt Trawendael was attacked by English pirates on the return journey from Iceland.
Transcript available
1519, April 7
Lübeck
Proceedings of the Diet of the Wendish cities in Lübeck, where among others the Bergen merchants complain about the trade with Iceland, Shetland and the Faroes by Bremen and Hamburg, which damages the Kontor in Bergen, whereupon the Hamburg representatives claim that the Icelandic fish is usually brought to England.
Transcript available
1519, October 24
Lübeck
Proceedings of the Diet of the Wendish cities in Lübeck, in which it is among others proposed to appoint an independent mediator to solve the controversy surrounding the trade with Iceland between the Bergen merchants and the city of Hamburg, whereupon the Hamburg representatives claim to have no mandate of the city council to discuss this topic.
Transcript available
[1520, July]
Complaints of the Hanseatic Kontor in London, among others about Hamburg skipper Cordt Frowdendaell, who was on his way with stockfish from Iceland back to Hamburg, when his ship was attacked by English, who killed and wounded many of the crew, threw Frowdendaell overboard and took the ship to Newcastle.
Transcript available
1521, February 15
Hamburg
The burgomasters and city council of Hamburg declare, that by request of Hans Eggerzen, the skippers Hinrick Horneman and Hinrich vaget have appeared before them and testified under oath that they had been at the Althing in Iceland the year before, where they mediated between Hans Eggerzen and Tyle Petersszen, who settled their conflict with each other.
Transcript available
1521, March 27
Flensburg
Tyle Persson to King Christian II of Denmark: sends him part of the English cloth that was still in Hamburg, and regrets that he cannot come to see him, but has heard that lawmen Vigfús Erlendsson has been made governor of Iceland with the support of men from Hamburg, and requests to write to Hamburg that they should not mingle in Icelandic politics and not hinder him in his own office as governor of Iceland and the Faroes.
Transcript available
1521, May 29 - June 11
Lübeck
Proceedings of the Hanseatic Diet in Lübeck from May 29 to June 11, 1521, in which eldermen of the Bergen Kontor complain about illicit trade of Bremen and Hamburg in Iceland, among others.
Transcript available
[1521, September 19]
[Bruges]
English complains against the Hanse, brought forth during negotiations in Bruges, among others about hindrance by Hamburg merchants in the business of merchants from Hull in the harbour Botsand in Iceland in 1423 and 1477.
Transcript available
1523, February 22
Copenhagen
King Christian II of Denmark to Iceland: proclaims that no foreigners - German or English - are allowed to trade in Iceland before they have paid an annual toll of 20 guilders.
Transcript available
1523, November 3
Bremen
Bremen to Hamburg: complain about Hamburg skipper Kersten Junghe, who had killed Bremen skipper Hinrick Haneman the previous year when he tried to stop him from using the harbour Grindeforde in Iceland, even though the latter only wanted to sail to Kummerwage, and demand compensation for Haneman's heirs.
Transcript available
[1525, July 7 - 29]
Lübeck
Proceedings of the Hanseatic Diet in Lübeck, in which among others the trade with Iceland, Shetland and the Faroes is discussed, during which Bremen claims that the fish from these lands does not push the fish from Bergen from the market, and Hamburg claims that merchants from other nations are sailing there anyway, whereupon it is decided that the Bergen merchants should accept this trade.
Transcript available
[1526, middle of May]
Instruction of King Frederick I of Denmark to governor Hinrich Rantzow in Rendsburg, who is sent to the Hanseatic Diet in Lübeck, among others to discuss ships which are ready to sail from Hamburg to Iceland.
Transcript available
1527, July 2
Þingvellir
The bishops, governor, lawmen and lawrightmen in Iceland testify that German and English merchants at Althing have confirmed the measures and weights to be used in trading, and promised not to stay in winter, except in the case of shipwreck, or for young boys. It is requested that Hamburg will send a letter to confirm these regulations.
Transcript available
1527, July 2
Hafnarfjörður
Skippers and merchants from Hamburg, Bremen and England in Iceland testify that they have confirmed at Althing the measures and weights to be used in trading, and promised not to stay in winter, except in the case of shipwreck, or for young boys. It is requested that Hamburg will send a letter to confirm these regulations.
[1528]
[Hamburg]
Summary of attacks of the English on the ships of Cordt Froudendal, Hinrick van Ronne, Hans Schomaker in 1528 and Cordt van der Heyde from Hamburg in various harbours in Iceland.
Transcript available
1528, September 16
[Hamburg]
Hamburg to king Henry VIII of England: complain about attacks of English merchants on the ship of Hans Schomaker in Ríf in Iceland, for which compensation is demanded.
Transcript available
1531, May 19
Trondheim
Archbishop Olaf of Trondheim to Eske Bille, commander of Bergenhus: announces that he can not come to the meeting with the king in Copenhagen because of a large fire in Trondheim, and sends his points for the agenda, including complaints about Hamburg merchants in Iceland and the Faroes.
[1531]
Note about Hamburg merchant Hans Hughe who came to the harbour Reff in Iceland on May 23, and found out that an English merchant from Harwich had bought the fish destined for him.
Transcript available
1532, [Summer]
Hafnarfjörður
Skippers and merchants in Hafnarfjörður to [German merchants in Iceland]: complain that the English in Grindewick have taken the fish which they have bought before, and plan to use violence against them to make them pay, and ask for a quick reply.
Transcript available
1532
[Hamburg]
Lenghty complaint of Hamburg merchants against the English in Iceland, who misbehave both towards German merchants and the Icelanders, are involved in fishing activities, rob the merchants of their ships and goods, and have attacked them on multiple occasions between 1486 and 1532.
[1532]
Summary of the letter of Hamburg to the English king, which was given with Bartholomeus van der Linden.
Transcript available
1532-1533
Hamburg
Treasurer accounts (Kämmereirechnungen) of the city of Hamburg, containing expenses for the negotiations in Segeberg with Thomas Lee, English representative, about the conflict between merchants from Hamburg and England in Iceland.
Transcript available
[1532]
[King's Lynn]
Johan Browne, William Kenneth and Johan Sowermere, merchants in King's Lynn, to king Henry VIII of England: complain about the attacks of Lutke Schmidt and his crew on English merchants in the harbour Botsand in Iceland, whereby two English died, and request to capture four Hamburg ships in the Thames, so that the damage can be compensated and the perpetrators punished.
Transcript available
1532
English complaint about attacks from Hamburg and Bremen men on the ship of Nicolas Gybson from London in the harbour Grenewick in Iceland, where after the Germans wanted to take stockfish which belonged to Gybson, they came during the night and killed 15 men on board.
Transcript available
1532, May 16
Iceland
Robbert Legghe and other English merchants testify that they came to Botsand in Iceland in 1532, where Lutke Schmidt from Hamburg denied them access, so that they entered the harbour by force, together with Jon Willers, after which merchants from Haneforde mediated and settled the matter.
Transcript available
1532, May 16
Iceland
Robbert Legghe and other English merchants testify that they have paid skipper Lutken Schmidt and his merchants from Hamburg compensation for the damage inflicted upon them in the harbour of Botsand in Iceland.
Transcript available
1532, July 29
London
Eldermen of the Hanseatic Kontor in London to Hamburg: after the attacks of the English on Bremen and Hamburg merchants in Iceland, now merchants from Lynn have complained about how they were attacked by Lutke Schmidt's men in Iceland, who killed and wounded them and sank their ship. Therefore, eldermen of the Kontor and Hamburg merchants in England have to appear before the royal court, and it is asked to appropriate Lutke Schmidt's ship until the matter is settled.
Transcript available
[1532, after August 23]
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Henry VIII of England: reply to the complaint of English merchants from Lynn about Lutke Schmidt in Iceland, whom they have asked to send his version of the events, and hope that Germans and English can behave peacefully in Iceland.
Transcript available
1532, August 23
[Hamburg]
Lutke Schmidt to Hamburg: reply to the complaint of English merchants, in which he tells his version of the events in Iceland in 1532, when he arrived on March 30 with a ship in Botsand, and was visited by Thomas Hammon from Harwich, and the day after by Jon Willer from Lynn, who attacked him both.
Transcript available
1532, September 1
Windsor
King Henry VIII of England to Hamburg: complaint about how London merchant Nicolaus Gybson was attacked in Grindewick in Iceland in May by 280 men from Hamburg and Bremen, who killed 15 of his men on board of the ship, confiscated his ship and goods, worth 1500 pounds. Therefore, compensation and punishment of those involved is demanded.
Transcript available
1532, September 7
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Henry VIII of England: state that they have heard from the Hanseatic Kontor in London about the complaints of merchants from Lynn and Harwich about damage inflicted to them by Lutke Schmidt from Hamburg in Iceland, and state that the English merchants have caused the conflict themselves by their unruly behaviour. Moreover, Lutke Schmidt has declared to be prepared to let a law court decide upon this, which should happen at the court of the Danish king, since Iceland belongs to him.
1532, September 9
Hamburg
Hamburg to the Hanseatic Kontor in London: the Kontor's secretary Matthias van Emersen has come to them and brought the English complaints, whereupon they send a copy of Lutke Schmidt's version of the events that happened in Iceland.
1532, September 30
Hamburg
Tonnies Pingsten, Hinrick Martins and Lutke Schmidt to bailiff Dirick tho Bramstede in Iceland: ask for his support in the conflict with the English about the violence in Iceland.
Transcript available
1532,October 13
Gottorf
King Frederick I of Denmark to king Henry VIII of England: in response to English complaints about violence of Hamburg and Bremen merchants against them in Iceland, it is stated that the English behaved unlawfully against the local population, and therefore the Germans were only helping the governour to punish the English. Therefore, it is asked to excuse them and to refrain from measures against German merchants in England.
Transcript available
1532, October 21
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Henry VIII of England: in response to complaints of Nicolaus Gybson, whose ship was attacked by Hamburg and Bremen merchants in Iceland last summer, it is stated that the English misbehaved and that the German merchants were only helping the Danish governour to punish them.
1532, October 23
Hamburg
Hamburg to Bremen: as the attacks on English merchants in Iceland last summer were done on order of the Danish governour, the matter has been passed on to the Danish king, and they send Bartholomeus van der Linden, secretary of the London Kontor, with a copy of the letter to the English king.
1532, October 23
Hamburg
Hamburg to the Hanseatic Kontor in London: Hamburg and Bremen merchants have assisted the Danish governour in Iceland against English merchants last summer, and the Kontor's secretary Bartholomeus van der Linden will bring a copy of Hamburg's reply to the complaints of the English king. Also, the merchants who will sail to Iceland next year have been ordered to behave peacefully towards the English there.
1532, October 30
[Hamburg]
Tonnies Pingsten, Hinrick Martins and Lutke Schmidt to bailiff Dirick tho Bramstede in Iceland: repeated request for his support in the conflict with the English about the violence in Iceland.
Transcript available
1532, early November
Trondheim
[Archbishop Olaf of Trondheim] to King Frederick I of Denmark: list of points where Norwegian privileges are bypassed, mostly related to church goods and offices, as well as Iceland and the Faroes, which are in German hands, to the disadvantage of Norwegian merchants.
Transcript available
1532, November 6
Dirick tho Bramstede, governour of Iceland, testifies to the Bremen city council, that the Bremen skippers Baedtke Duerkoep and Herman Buerman, who were involved in the attacks on the English in Iceland, were helping the bailiff Dirick van Minden and not acting on their own initiative.
Transcript available
1532, December 10
London
King Henry VIII of England to Hamburg: letter in response to the violence of Hamburg merchants against Nicolas Gybson in Iceland, for which he sends a representative to negotiate the matter in Hamburg and Denmark.
Transcript available
1532, December 22
London
Hanseatic Kontor in London to Lübeck: repeated complaint about violence of Hamburg and Bremen merchants against the English in Iceland, which damages the privileges of the Kontor. Therefore, it is demanded again to press Hamburg and Bremen to settle the matter.
Transcript available
1532, December 23
London
Hanseatic Kontor in London to Hamburg: complain that Hamburg and Bremen defend their actions against the English in Iceland by stating that they acted on order of the Danish governour, although they normally behave like free cities, which is damaging the Hanseatic rights in England, and demand them to behave peacefully towards the English in Iceland.
1533-1628
[Hamburg]
First donation register of the confraternity of St Anne of the Hamburg merchants with Iceland, which contains donations, mostly in fish or money, from the people on board of ships returning each year from Iceland, Shetland and the Faroes to Hamburg from 1533-1628. Also contains notes about the annual accounting of the eldermen of the confraternity.
[1533]
Summary of the case of Hans Hughe in Iceland, who was using the harbour Reff, but was hindered by a ship from Harwich, which was lying in Grundeforde, but bought all Hughe's fish, who therefore stole much of the English ship's equipment.
[1533]
Summary of the case of Hanse Hesterberg and Herman van der Huden in Iceland, who transported Icelandic fish on Hinrick Berndes ship and on Boedtken Droeghe's ship to England, where it was confiscated on the pretense that it was the fish that was stolen from English merchant John Breyen in Iceland, which was not true.
1533, January 11
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Frederick I of Denmark: they have heard that the English king will send an envoy to Bremen and Hamburg to discuss the Icelandic conflict, but as they were acting on command of the Danish governour of Iceland, the king is asked to settle the matter as soon as possible, so that merchants sailing to Iceland next sommer will not get into trouble.
1533, January 12
Hamburg
Hamburg to Bremen: they have heard that the English king will send an envoy to Bremen and Hamburg to discuss the Icelandic conflict, but as they were acting on command of the Danish governour of Iceland, the matter should be brought before the Danish court.
1533, January 12
Hamburg
Hamburg to Rostock doctor of law Johan Oldendorp: asks for his cooperation in the negotiations between Denmark and England surrounding the conflict between Bremen and Hamburg and English merchants in Iceland.
1533, January 16
Hamburg
Hamburg to Herman Bonn, professor in theology in Lübeck: ask for his cooperation in making known the demands of the Hamburg merchants with Iceland to the English legate, who does not know German.
1533, January 16
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Frederick I of Denmark: write that the English ambassador Thomas Lee has arrived in Hamburg, but does not speak German, and they will therefore send him to Denmark to discuss the conflict between English and German merchants in Iceland.
1533, January 30
Hamburg
Hamburg to Lübeck: in answer to the complaints of the Kontor in London about the violence against the English in Iceland, which is damaging their privileges, they are doing their utmost best to settle the matter as soon as possible.
Transcript available
1533, January 30
Lübeck
Lübeck to Hamburg: in response to a complaint of the Kontor in London about the violent behaviour of Hamburg and Bremen merchants against the English in Iceland, which damages the Hanseatic privileges in England, the council is once again asked to settle the matter as soon as possible.
Transcript available
[1533, February]
[Hamburg]
Detailed summary of the damages inflicted by the Germans to English ships in Iceland, with sums of the claims indicated, as presented by the English representative Thomas Lee during negotiations with Hamburg.
Transcript available
[1533, February]
[Hamburg]
Summary of the damages inflicted by merchants from Hamburg and Bremen upon the English in Iceland, as presented by the English representative Thomas Lee during negotiations with Hamburg.
1533, February 3
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Frederick I of Denmark: asks for Dirick tho Bramstede, governour in Iceland, to be present at the negotiations about the conflict between English and German merchants in Iceland, because he had turned them against each other.
Transcript available
[1533, February 4]
[Hamburg]
Defense of the city of Hamburg against accusations by the English about violence in Iceland, where it is among others stated that English merchant Jon Breyen has been convicted for his behaviour by the Icelandic Althing.
Transcript available
[1533, February 4]
[Hamburg]
Introduction to the Hamburg complaints against the English in Iceland, as presented during negotiations with the English representative.
[1533, February 4]
[Hamburg]
Defense of Lutke Schmid, in which he tells his version of the events in Iceland in 1532, when he was visited by Thomas Hammon from Harwich while lying in Botsand, and the day after by Jon Willer from Lynn, who attacked him both.
Transcript available
1533, February 5
[Hamburg]
Reply of the English representative to the Hamburg complaints about the behaviour of the English in Iceland.
Transcript available
1533, February 5
[Hamburg]
Answer of Hamburg's city council to the complaints by the English representative about the violence of Hamburg merchants against the English in Iceland.
Transcript available
1533, February 7
[Hamburg]
Suggestions for a better relation between the English and Hamburg merchants in Iceland, among others that those who first arrive in a harbour have the right to trade there and shall not be hindered, that the Icelanders shall be free to trade with whom they like, and that the law of the land shall apply to the foreigners in case of conflicts.
Transcript available
1533, February 10
[Hamburg]
Skippers Tonnies Pinxten, Hinrick Martinus and their companions testify that they had been in Haneforde in Iceland, and had bought fish in Grindewick, but discovered that English merchant Joen Brey had marked it as being his when they came to pick it up. Thereupon they attacked the English with 180 men, together with the bailiff and the merchants from Bremen in Holm.
1533, February 11
Hamburg
Hamburg to crown prince Christian of Denmark: confirm that they received his invitation to come to Segeberg to discuss the conflict with the English on Iceland, and propose a date for the negotiations to begin.
1533, February 13
Hamburg
Hamburg to governour Dirick tho Bramstede of Iceland: let him know that the negotiations with the English in Segeberg will begin the following Sunday, and that they have received his letter.
Transcript available
1533, February 15-17
[Segeberg]
Proceedings of the negotiations between the representatives of the city of Hamburg and the English representative in Segeberg, about the violent attacks of German merchants on the English in Iceland.
Transcript available
1533, February [16]
Segeberg
Final response to the English negotiator in Segeberg, in which it is stated that the violence of Hamburg and Bremen merchants against the English in Iceland was a rightful punishment of their bad behaviour on the island.
Transcript available
1533, February 19
[Hamburg]
Proceedings of the negotiations between Hamburg and the English about the conflict in Iceland, in which it is claimed that the attacks happened on behalf of the Danish governour, and that the council of Hamburg will send a copy of the defense of Lutken Smith and Hans Hughen to the English king.
[1533, February 22]
[Hamburg]
Lenghty complaint of Hamburg merchants against the English in Iceland, who misbehave both towards German merchants and the Icelanders, are involved in fishing activities, rob the merchants of their ships and goods, and have attacked them on multiple occasions between 1486 and 1532.
1533, February 24
Hamburg
Notes of Hamburg secretary Herman Rover, about a letter he wrote to Johan Oldendorp, concerning the proceedings in the negotiations with the English ambassador.
1533, February 27
Hamburg
Hamburg to the Hanseatic Kontor in London: summary of the negotiations that took place in Hamburg and Segeberg with the English representative about the violence between German and English merchants in Iceland.
Transcript available
1533, March 5
Hamburg
[Hamburg to king Henry VIII of England:] request to return the fish from Hans Hesterberch and Hermann van der Hude, which was confiscated in England on the presumption that it belonged to Jon Breyen, from whom it was stolen in Iceland.
1533, April 8
Gottorf
King Frederick I of Denmark to king Henry VIII of England: sends him the final response against the English in Segeberg.
1533, April 13
Rostock
Johan Oldendorp, doctor of law in Rostock, to Hamburg secretary Herman Rover: sends the requested documents about the conflict with the English in Iceland.
Transcript available
1533, June 30
Þingvellir
The bishops of Skálholt and Hólar, the governour and two lawmen of Iceland, seven skippers from Hamburg and Bremen and English merchants testify that it was decided at Althing that German merchants can leave the commodities that they donot sell in Iceland, are not allowed to stay in winter except in the case of shipwreck or of boys who want to learn the language, and the weights and measures to be used are specified.
Transcript available
[1534, July 3?]
[Hamburg]
Instruction for the Hamburg representatives who are sent to England to discuss the Hanseatic privileges there, and will hand over a document with suggestions for a better relation between the English and German merchants in Iceland.
Transcript available
[1534, before February 6]
Instruction for the Dutch ambassadors for negotiations in Hamburg, which among others claims that the year before Hamburg merchants in Iceland violently took a ship from Amsterdam, and it is demanded that the ship is returned.
Transcript available
[1534, March 1-27]
[Hamburg]
Report of the Bremen representatives of negotiations in Hamburg, where they spoke among others about the weights to be used in the trade with Iceland.
Transcript available
1535, January 29
Copenhagen
Count Christopher of Oldenburg to Hamburg: writes that the Danish king has given Iceland to Marx Meyer, and that the Hamburg merchants should therefore oblige him or his brother Bernd, whom he has sent as governour, and no one else.
Transcript available
1535, February 27
[Hamburg]
Hamburg merchants with Iceland to Hamburg: repeat the complaints about the behaviour of the English against them in Iceland on various occasions, but accept the outcome of the negotiations in Segeberg, although they were not sufficiently compensated.
Transcript available
[1535, before May 24]
[Bergen]
Complaints of the Hanseatic Kontor in Bergen, presented at the Hanseatic Diet in Lübeck, among others about trade in Iceland, northern Norway, Orkney, Shetland and the Faroes, which was prohibited by the royal privileges and at the Hanseatic Diet of 1494.
Transcript available
[1535, July 10 - August 29]
[Lübeck]
Proceedings of the Hanseatic Diet in Lübeck, where among others the Hanseatic Kontor in London complains about the violent attacks from Bremen and Hamburg merchants against the English in Iceland in 1532, to which the burgomaster of Hamburg replies that the Danish king bore responsibility for it, and Bremen and Hamburg complain about hindrance of their trade with Iceland, Shetland and the Faroes.
Transcript available
[1535, August 15]
[London]
Eldermen of the Hanseatic Kontor in London to the Hanseatic representatives gathered in Lüneburg: various complaints of the Kontor, among others about the violence of Bremen and Hamburg merchants against the English in Iceland in 1532, which caused many expenses for which the Kontor requests compensation.
Transcript available
1535, August 30
Lübeck
Lübeck and the gathered representatives of the Hanseatic cities to the eldermen of the Hanseatic Kontor in Bergen: a decision about their complaints has been postponed to the next Diet, but until then the old regulations remain in place, except for the trade with Iceland, Shetland and the Faroes, which shall be allowed as has been the case for the last ten or twelve years.
Transcript available
1537, December 27
Haderslev
King Christian III of Denmark to Hamburg: announces that he has appointed Claus von der Marwitz as governor of Iceland, and asks the Hamburg merchants to support him when needed, to transport his goods and behave cooperatively towards him.
1538
[Hamburg]
[Hamburg] to Erlendur Þorvarðarson, lawman in Iceland: request on behalf of Alheyd Rosenbrock, daughter of Dithmer and sister of the deceased Hans Rosenbrock, to allow Frederick and Berndt Badehusen to trade in Iceland one more time for her, and to collect the outstanding debts of Hans Rosenbrock on the island, and to prevent anyone from hindering them.
Transcript available
1538, March 10
King Christian III of Denmark permits merchants Helmich Schmid and Thonges Mutter and skipper Herman Vurborn from Lübeck to trade in Iceland, and writes this in a letter to governor Clawes von der Marwitz.
[early 1539]
[Lübeck]
Skipper Herman Vurborn to Lübeck: relates how Hamburg merchants do not allow anyone else to trade in Iceland, although they are free to do so, and that he has sailed to Iceland himself last year, with a license of the Danish king, and as he sent a messenger to the governour to show him the license, the Hamburg merchants tried to kill him. Therefore, it is requested from Hamburg to let other merchants trade in peace.
Transcript available
1539, February 5
[Lübeck]
Lübeck to Hamburg: in response to a complaint of the Lübeck Iceland merchant Hermen Vurborn and his shipowners about Hamburg merchants, it is requested that the Hamburg merchants in Iceland will respect the free trade there by merchants from other cities.
Transcript available
1539, March 20
Hamburg
Claus von der Marwitz to Melchior Rantzau, marshal of the Danish king: reports about Icelandic complaints about misbehaving English merchants in Iceland, and how the matter was treated by the Danish and English king.
Transcript available
1540, January 16
Hamburg
Hamburg merchants with Iceland to Hamburg: take position with regard to the plundering of the monastery Viðey in 1539, condemn the governor's actions, and point to the court of law at Althing, where conflicts can be settled, and only then will be ready to support the authorities.
Transcript available
1540, January 18
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian III of Denmark: send the testimony of merchants with Iceland about the violence in the previous year on request of governour Claus van der Marwitz.
Transcript available
1544, February 29
Núpufell in Eyjafjörður
Jon Þorlaksson, Biorn Þorvaldzson, Eyvindr Magnusson, Are Jonsson, and Arne Gislason state that they have read a verdict concerning the rights of German merchants in Iceland.
Transcript available
1544
Þingvellir
Twelve Icelandic men testify how at Althing lawmen Erlendur Þorvarðsson and Þorleifur Pálsson discussed what to do with the goods, money, ships and other goods which were brought to Iceland against the law by German and English merchants, about which governor Otte Stijgsson complained.
[1545]
[Hamburg]
Hamburg merchants with Iceland to Hamburg: complain about Otto Stigson, governour of Iceland, who has confiscated last year the fishing boats which were sold to Icelanders, has hindered them to take action against their debtors, and forbade them the winter stay, against ancient custom.
Transcript available
1545, March 20
Kolding
Adam Schneydewint and Lutke Schmidt, representatives of Hamburg, complain that governour Otto Stigsson in Iceland is not treating Hamburg merchants equally to others, and now has unrightfully taken fishing boats from them, intended to help the Icelanders fish, and demand these back.
Transcript available
1545, March 20
Kolding
Governor Otto Stigsson of Iceland replies to the complaints of the Hamburg merchants, stating that they have violated against the prohibitions on the winter stay and the keeping of fishing boats in Iceland, against which the penalty is confiscation of the boats, and that it is their own fault that they had to wait for three weeks before they could trade, as no one is allowed to trade before the first of May.
Transcript available
1545, ca. March 20
Kolding
List of complaints of Otto Stigsson, governour of Iceland, against Hamburg merchants, among others that they behave violently, appropriate what isn't theirs, withhold payments to the governour, and use their own weights.
Transcript available
1545, ca. March 20
Kolding
Adam Schneydewint and Lutke Schmidt, representatives of Hamburg, answer to the complaints of governour Otto Stigsson of Iceland, that they have helped the Icelanders with fishing boats and commodities, and that merchants have power over debtors in the trading stations.
Transcript available
1545, March 20
Kolding
Danish chancellor Johan Friis, marshal Erich Erichsen, Erich Krabben and Andres von Barby conclude the conflict between governour Otto Stigsson of Iceland and the Hamburg merchants by deciding that Stigsson has rightfully confiscated a boat from them, and order the merchants to respect the law and use the right measures and weights.
Transcript available
1545, June 30
Þingvellir
Althing decides in the conflict between Hamburg merchants and governor Otte Stigsson, and confirms the rules for foreign traders in Iceland as set out in the Píningsdomur, including that foreign merchants shall not sell fishing boats to Icelanders, are not allowed to stay in winter, and weights shall not be used to calculate the value of fish.
1546, May 31
Hamburg
Hamburg to Eggert Hannesson, sheriff of western Iceland: relate how skipper Hans Stolten has complained that Eggert allegedly refused to allow him to trade in Iceland. Therefore it is asked to allow Stolten to trade there, and otherwise they will complain at the Danish court.
Transcript available
1546, June 13
Grundarfjörður
Peter Einerson, sheriff of Thorsnesting in Iceland, confesses that he wanted to set the trade with skipper Hans Hauler following the conditions set out at Althing last year. The Hamburg merchants, however, complained against this, stating that they didn't know about these new conditions, and therefore the trade was not set.
1546, December 14
[Hamburg]
[Hamburg] to Otto Stigsson, governor of Iceland: relate how on the Althing last year, it was decided that fishes should be traded per piece, and not by weight, and that the Hamburg merchants in western Iceland have complained about this, because the fishes are so small there.
Transcript available
1547, January 4
Kolding
King Christian III of Denmark leases Iceland to Copenhagen for ten years for an annual payment of 1000 Lübische mark, on the condition that they appoint their own governour and supply the island with commodities.
1547, April 8
Lübeck
Lübeck to Hamburg: as some citizens have asked permission to let a ship sail to Iceland with a crew consisting of men from Hamburg, and have not received an answer yet, it is asked to allow this.
1547, August 19
Copenhagen
Vaschke Paschkens to king Christian III of Denmark: asks as faithful merchant with Iceland to send a letter to Lüneburg to support him as the only rightful heir of his deceased uncle Boldwin Bierstedt, against his other uncle Hein Bierstedt.
Transcript available
1548, December 9
[Bremen]
Johan Knippe, Cordt Hegewisch, Gerdt Westerwold, Franz Steffens, Johan Lantrede and Lambert tor Widen to Bremen: complaint against Harmen Oldensche and 8 other persons, who are accused of having sailed to the harbour Holm in Iceland with the complaining party for a number of years, but have sailed there last summer with a man from Lübeck, and refused to let their former colleagues to use the harbour as well, using violence to drive them out. Therefore, a compensation of the damage estimated at 800 gulden is demanded.
[1549]
[Hamburg]
[Hamburg merchants with Iceland] complain that in 1547, governor Lorentz Mule in Iceland has confiscated fish in Ackernisse from Henrich Kopman, although he had permission to leave one of his servants on the island, and from merchants in Wespenow, and sold their fish to English merchants. The damage is estimated at 733 daler, which should be repaid.
[1549]
[Hamburg]
List of the value of the goods that were confiscated from Hamburg merchants in Iceland by the bailiff, from the ships of Jurgen vam Hagen, Peter Korner, Cordt Detzelman, and Dirich Pineman.
Transcript available
[1549]
[Hamburg]
[Hamburg merchants in the Haneforde in Iceland] reply to a letter from the Danish king, in which they defend themselves against accusations from the governor of Iceland, claiming that he refused to give back the goods he confiscated from them, and did not appear at Althing so the matter could be brought to court, but confiscated goods in their absence, and that they did not hold him captive in their ship.
[1549]
[Hamburg]
Hamburg merchants in Iceland complain about governor Lorentz Mule in Haneforde, who confiscated goods from them and did not appear at Althing to settle the matter.
Transcript available
[1549]
[Hamburg]
Iceland merchants from Hamburg complain that the governor has lowered the prices for goods after they arrived for the first time in 1547.
1549, March 24
Kolding
[King Christian III of Denmark to Hamburg]: Writes that the Hamburg merchants are free to trade in Iceland by his permission only, and that he will continue to permit this, as long as they respect the rules and do not stay in Iceland in winter.
Transcript available
1549, April 8
[Bremen]
Contract between Bernd Losekanne, Reineke Swachman, Reineke Winter, Luder Wedeman, Volkert Frese, Gerdt Tilebare, Johan Reineke, Christoffer Meyer and Hans van Osnabrugge, and skipper Herman Wedeman, in which they form a trading company together to sail to Iceland, but promise to behave as ordinary sailors under the command of Wedeman during the journey.
Transcript available
1549, December 20
Nyborg
Governour Lorentz Müle of Iceland to king Christian III of Denmark: reports how he has captured five merchant servants from Hamburg and Lübeck, who have stayed in winter in Iceland, and brought them to Amsterdam.
1549, December 24
Nyborg
King Christian III of Denmark to Hamburg: sends a complaint from Lorenz Mule, governor of Iceland, and warns them not to stay in winter in Iceland, or to act against the law of the land, and requests to arrest the formerly arrested Hamburg citizens who have fled in Amsterdam.
1549, December 29
Kolding
King Christian III of Denmark to Hamburg: in response to a complaint of the Hamburg merchants with Iceland, states that he is generally favourable to their presence in Iceland, but they should remember that they can only do so by his special permission, that they should not stay in winter, and should obey the law of the land and the governor.
Transcript available
1550
Hamburg representatives Johan Straubb, Gerdt Niebuer and Luder Schulte to king Christian III of Denmark: complaint against governor Laurens Mull, who captured young merchants in Iceland in 1549. They explain how they are only helping the poor inhabitants of the island by supplying them with goods and fishing boats.
Transcript available
[1550?]
[Hamburg]
[Hamburg] to king Christian III of Denmark: have received his letter, but were not yet able to get a reply from the [merchants with Iceland], and ask to hear the governour of Iceland about the matter.
Transcript available
1550/1551
[Hamburg]
Complaints about hindrance of Hamburg merchants in 1547 and 1548 in the Westman Islands in Iceland, for which Jochim Wullenwever had the right to trade there, by governor Lorentz Mule and English traders.
[c.1550]
[Hamburg]
List of complaints by Icelandic governor Otto Stigsen against Hamburg merchants in Iceland, among others that they trade before it is allowed, inflict their own justice upon the Icelanders, use their own weights, and drive out the English from the harbours.
[c.1550]
[Hamburg]
Hamburg merchants with Iceland to Hamburg: reply to complaint of governour Otto Stigsen in Iceland, in which they state that the trade in Iceland has been free for all for a long time, that the Icelanders refused to pay with fishes by weight, and that the conflict should be settled at Althing.
[c.1550]
[Hamburg]
Merchants with Haneforde in Iceland reply to the king's letter about the confiscation of their goods in Iceland by the governor, that the governor did not appear at Althing to settle the conflict, and that it was his own fault that they had to hold him captive on their ship.
Transcript available
[1550]
[Copenhagen]
Extract of the answer of Copenhagen to the complaints of Hamburg about the confiscation of fish from Hamburg merchants in Iceland by governor Laurentz Mule because of the illegal winter stay on the island.
Transcript available
1550, March 8
Flensburg
King Christian III of Denmark to Hamburg: answers to complaints from Hamburg that since Didrick Pining made an agreement with foreign merchants in 1490, they are not allowed to stay in winter in Iceland, without exception, and that if they wish to leave their commodities there, they can let it be guarded by Icelanders.
Transcript available
1550, March 20
Flensburg
King Christian III of Denmark to Copenhagen: explains how he has answered Hamburg in reaction to their complaints, that they are not allowed to stay in winter in Iceland, and that if they want to leave their commodities there, they can let it be guarded by Icelanders.
1550, May 28
Straumur
Lorentz Mule, governor of Iceland, to the merchants in Haneforde: writes that he has arrested some of their servants last winter and brought them to Amsterdam, where they escaped, and asks them not to cause any more trouble this year.
Transcript available
1550, June 30
Þingvellir
The Althing decides, concerning the complaints of merchants from Hamburg and Lübeck about governor Lorentz Mule, that Mule shall return the fish that he has confiscated, and forbids the foreign merchants in Iceland to stay in winter.
1550, September 15
Malmö
King Christian III of Denmark to Hamburg: complaint about violent behaviour of Hamburg merchants in Iceland last summer, who confiscated fish which belonged to Copenhagen merchants and the king and attacked Danish merchants. Moreover, the governor has not illegally taken goods from them last winter, because foreigners are not allowed to stay in winter, which was also confirmed on the Althing this summer. Therefore, it is demanded that the violent merchants, servants, and crew members be arrested and the confiscated fish be returned.
1550, October 20?
[Hamburg]
Hamburg merchants who have been in Iceland last summer to Hamburg: reaction to the king's complaints that they have behaved violently and confiscated fish in Iceland, which they state is not true, as the governor himself behaved violently and refused to return the goods to them which he confiscated last winter, and forbade Icelanders to take their goods into custody.
1550, December 1
Nyborg
King Christian III of Denmark to Hamburg: has received their complaints about what happened on Iceland last summer, and asked the governor and the Copenhagen merchants for a reaction, but accuses the Hamburg merchants of having stayed in winter, and violating Copenhagen property.
Transcript available
1550, December 1
Nyborg
King Christian III of Denmark to Copenhagen: Hamburg has complained about the actions directed against them by governor Lauritzs Mule in Iceland last year, and it is requested to send him and others to inform the king about these events.
Transcript available
1550, December 21
Copenhagen
Copenhagen to King Christian III: lenghty answer to Hamburg complaints, in which it is explained how the Hamburg merchants have violated the prohibition of the winter stay in Iceland, acted against the governor, kidnapped and mistreated the bailiff and his secretary, and stole fish which belonged to Copenhagen and the king. Therefore, compensation for the fish is demanded, as well as a punishment of the persons responsible for this.
1551, January 5
Nyborg
King Christian III of Denmark to Hamburg: in reaction to their complaints, emphasizes that they are not supposed to stay in Iceland in winter, should respect the law of the land, and accuses them of having behaved violently towards the governor and the merchants from Copenhagen.
1551, February 4
Nyborg
King Christian III of Denmark to Hamburg: after the city council had not yet provided an answer to his last letter, it is asked to send an answer as soon as possible.
1551, [March]
[Hamburg]
"Relation" of the negotiations in March in Flensburg, about the hindrance of Copenhagen merchants by those from Hamburg, the captivity of the governor of Iceland and the illegal winter stay of foreign merchants on the island. Hamburg states that its old rights in Iceland have been unfairly violated by the Danish newcomers.
Transcript available
1551, March 6
Flensburg
King Christian III of Denmark to Eske Bilde: Hamburg merchants have violently taken fish from Copenhagen merchants in Iceland, and the bishop of northern Iceland has revolted, and therefore warships will be sent to Iceland to end this situation, unless Hamburg will compensate the damage, in which case the warships will only act against the bishop.
1551, March 10
[Hamburg]
[Hamburg] to king Christian III of Denmark: writes in response to a complaint from the king about their presence in Iceland that they will soon send an envoy to discuss the Icelandic problems.
Transcript available
1551, April 5
Flensburg
King Christian III of Denmark to Eske Bylle: reports that Hamburg has agreed with Copenhagen to compensate the fish taken from them in Iceland, as well as that warships are sent to northern Iceland to suppress the revolt of the bishop.
Transcript available
1551, April 8
Flensburg
King Christian III of Denmark to Copenhagen: announces that he wants to put an end to the dominance of Hamburg traders in Iceland and will send warships there to restore the order on the island.
1551, October 21
Copenhagen
King Christian III of Denmark to Johan Strubbe, doctor of law in Lübeck: inquires about the conditions under which the compensation to Hamburg has to be payed for damage inflicted upon them in Iceland, as agreed upon during negotiations in Flensburg earlier that year.
1551, November 19
Hamburg
Hamburg to [king Christian III of Denmark]: response to complaints about violent behaviour of their merchants in Iceland, with regards to the agreement which they settled during negotiations in Flensburg.
Transcript available
1551, [November 30]
Dronningborg
King Christian III of Denmark to Eske Bille and Eskildt Oxe: informs among others that he has appointed Poul Hvitfeld as governor in Iceland to protect the trade interests of Copenhagen merchants against those from Hamburg.
Transcript available
1555, March 7
Nyborg
King Christian III of Denmark to governor Knud Stensen of Iceland: some years ago Jacob van Salten from Lübeck has taken fish from Icelanders without paying, and therefore just as much fish has to be confiscated from the Lübeck merchants in Iceland.
Transcript available
1556, February 10
Copenhagen
King Christian III to Lübeck: Complains that their merchants sell commodities of bad quality in Iceland, and use bad measures and weights, and asks them to stop doing this, on the penalty that their goods will be confiscated.
Transcript available
1556, March 13
Hamburg
Hamburg merchants with Iceland to Hamburg: complain about the rising prices at home in the last years, although the prices in Iceland have remained the same, and therefore ask for the governour in Iceland to set a weight for fish, so that they will have a more honest value.
1556, March 14
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian III of Denmark: request on behalf of the merchants trading in Iceland to introduce a weight when calculating the prizes to be paid for goods.
Transcript available
1557, March 20
Lübeck
Lübeck to Hamburg: accompanying letter to the complaint of Lübeck merchants that they were not allowed to hire a crew from Hamburg to sail to Iceland for them.
Transcript available
[1557, March]
[Lübeck]
Lübeck merchants in northern Iceland to Lübeck: complain about how they wanted to sail a ship to Iceland to fetch sulfur and hired a Hamburg crew to sail it, which was forbidden by the city of Hamburg.
Transcript available
[1560, August 25]
King Frederick II of Denmark to Pouel Stissen, governor of Iceland: count Anthony of Oldenburg has requested to trade in Iceland to supply his court with fish, and therefore he should be helped in acquiring the desired fish when his ship reaches Iceland.
1561
Lübeck
Lübeck merchants with Iceland to Lübeck: complain about the prohibition to trade sulfur from the North of Iceland, which is damaging them and the locals, and was not foreseen, as the Diet in Odense had just confirmed the Hanseatic privileges. Moreover, they could not reach the harbours the year before due to drift ice, so they still have outstanding debts.
Transcript available
1561, January 19
Emborg
King Frederick II of Denmark to Magnus Gyldenstiernn: relates that he has written to Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck that they shall not export sulfur from Iceland anymore, and to governor Poul Stigsen to prevent this from happening, and asks to deliver the letter to him.
Transcript available
1561, January 19
Emborg
King Frederick II of Denmark to governour Poul Stigsen in Iceland: relates how he has written to Bremen, Lübeck and Hamburg that they shall not trade Icelandic sulfur anymore, and asks him to see to it that this does not happen.
Transcript available
1561, February 22
Ribe
King Frederick II of Denmark to the inhabitants of northern Iceland: proclaims that all inhabitants of Iceland shall only sell their sulfur to the royal merchant, and not to foreigners anymore.
Transcript available
1561, February 22
Ribe
King Frederick II of Denmark to lawman Eggert Hanssen in northern Iceland: has written a letter to all Icelanders that they shall only sell their sulfur to the royal merchant, and not to foreigners anymore, and requests to implement these regulations.
1561, February 28
Lübeck
Lübeck to king Frederick II of Denmark: complaint against the prohibition to trade sulfur from the North of Iceland, which damages the Hanseatic merchants and cities.
Transcript available
1561, March 6
Hamburg
Instruction for Hamburg burgomasters and councillors Albert Hackeman, Laurentz Niebuer, Wilhelm Moller and Nicolaus Vogler, who are sent to Denmark to prevent the prohibition of the sulfur trade from northern Iceland for Hamburg merchants, in which the services of Hamburg for the Icelanders and the Danish crown are emphasized.
Transcript available
1561, June 28
Copenhagen
King Frederick II of Denmark grants Stefan Loitz and his family the monopoly to trade sulfur from the North of Iceland for twelve years starting 1562, on the condition that they bring it to Copenhagen first and export nothing else than sulfur, for an annual payment of 3000 Rhenish guilders.
Transcript available
1561, November 22
Nyborg
Skipper Clawes Rode from Lübeck confesses that he has seen that Hamburg skipper Hans Rolfs and merchant Henning Struckman have bought and loaded sulfur in Iceland, and that governour Pal Stigson has ordered the sysselman in Ugforde to forbid this.
Transcript available
1562, March 23
Frederiksborg
King Frederick II of Denmark to all who live in northern Iceland: announces that his own merchant will buy all train oil produced in Iceland, and forbids them to sell any of it to foreigners. A similar letter is sent to southern Iceland.
1562, April 14
Hamburg
Hinrick van Kroge, Jurgen Kroger, Simon then Westen, Auter Peters and Franz Freese declare, that they have fitted out a ship to sail to Husewick in Iceland for sulfur, with skipper Peter Klott and on behalf of Jacob Richter, servant of the Loitz family in Hamburg.
1562, May 30
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Frederick II of Denmark: state that the Hamburg skipper Peter Klott, who had fitted out a ship of 80 lasts to load sulfur in Husewick in Iceland, does so in cooperation with the Loitz family, and is therefore not violating the sulfur trade ban.
1562, October 17
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Frederick II of Denmark: report that skipper Hans Schomaker arrived in Hamburg from Iceland with a ship of 40 to 50 last loaded with sulfur, on behalf of Stefan Loitz. As sulfur is only allowed to be brought to Copenhagen, Schomaker claimed that weather conditions prevented him from sailing there.
1563
Hamburg
Hamburg merchants with sulfur in the North of Iceland to Hamburg: request permission to sail to Iceland again to reclaim the still outstanding debts.
Transcript available
1563, January 31
Frederiksborg
King Frederick II of Denmark to Hamburg: request to send a list of goods on board of the ship that was arrested with sulfur from Iceland in the Elbe.
Transcript available
1563, February 5
Frederiksborg
King Frederick II of Denmark to Hamburg: asks to refrain from trading in the harbours Stappe, Reff, and Grundeforde in the West of Iceland, because Danish merchants are trading there now.
1563, February 21
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Frederick II of Denmark: in reaction to a complaint of the king about a ship filled with sulfur from Iceland, a cargo list is sent, to prove that most of the the sulfur was transported for the Loitz family.
1563, February 24
Stettin (Szczecin)
Simon Loitz and Hans Loitz the Elder and the Younger to king Frederick II of Denmark: in response to the king's complain that Stefan Loitz did not pay the 3000 guilders in return for his monopoly on the Icelandic sulfur trade, it is claimed that the king violated the conditions as well by stopping their ships in Hamburg and sending two ships to Iceland himself last year.
1563, March
Hamburg
Hamburg representative Johan Niebur to king Frederick II of Denmark: complaint about prohibition for Hamburg merchants to use the harbours Stappe, Reff, and Grundeforde in the west of Iceland.
1563, March
Hamburg
[Hamburg representative Johan Niebur to king Frederick II of Denmark]: request to use the harbour Kummerwage in Iceland on behalf of Hamburg merchant, as thet are not allowed to use the three other harbours nearby.
1563, March
Hamburg
[Johan Niebur to king Frederick II of Denmark]: request to sail to the North of Iceland once again to reclaim the many outstanding debts in sulfur, on behalf of Hans Schomaker.
1563, March 4
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Frederick II of Denmark: ask permission to use the harbours in the Northwest of Iceland, which the king had forbidden, to reclaim their outstanding debts.
1563, before March 18
Hamburg
Crew of skipper Hans Schomaker to king Frederick II of Denmark: relate how they have loaded a load of sulfur in the North of Iceland last year with permission of the governour and on order of Stefan Loitz, and ask the king to allow this.
1563, April 16
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Frederick II of Denmark: to further their request for permission to sail to the North of Iceland to reclaim outstanding debts in sulfur, Herman Soltow is sent to the king with a list of the debts.
Transcript available
1563, April 24
Kolding
King Frederick II of Denmark to the Prince-Elector of Saxony: reports among others that he has forbidden merchants from Hamburg to use certain harbours in Iceland.
1563, May 13
Annaberg
Stefan Loitz to Hieronimus Tenner, German chancellor in Denmark: he will send his servant Marcus Heine to discuss the problems with Denmark, and in the meantime asks permission to let one ship sail to Iceland to collect the debts and unsold goods that were left on the island.
1563, May 22
Annaberg
Stefan Loitz to [Hieronimus Tenner, German chancellor in Denmark]: wanted to give the king 100.000 daler instead of 3000 guilders annually, but the offer was declined, and sent a small ship to Iceland to collect outstanding debts and return with sulfur to Copenhagen, which will stay in the king's possession until a solution is found, and asks to release the sulfur confiscated by the king in Hamburg, as he was planning to bring it to Copenhagen.
Transcript available
1563, September 29
Copenhagen
King Frederick II of Denmark renews the sulfur monopoly on behalf of Stefan Loitz, which had led to problems before. The king will form a company for 7 years with the Loitz family, which will send two ships annually to Iceland for sulfur, for which Loitz will provide the merchandise. In return, they will give the king a loan of 60000 daler for 3 years, and the sulfur that was confiscated in Hamburg will be returned to them.
1563, November
Hamburg
Hamburg merchants with Reff to Hamburg: request for continued permission to use the harbour Reff in Iceland, which they have used for a long time, but which the king had forbidden earlier that year.
1563, November
Hamburg
Hamburg merchants with Reff to Hamburg: request for mediation by queen dowager Dorothea of Denmark for continued permission to use the harbour Reff in Iceland, which they have used for a long time, but which the king had forbidden earlier that year.
1563, November 24
Hamburg
Hamburg to queen dowager Dorothea of Denmark: request for mediation with king Frederick II to allow further sailing to the harbour Reff in Iceland, which he had forbidden before.
1563, November 25
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Frederick II of Denmark: ask for continued permission to trade in the harbour Reff in Iceland, which the king had forbidden before.
1563, December 5
Kolding
Queen dowager Dorothea of Denmark to king Frederick II: request for continued permission for Hamburg merchants to sail to the harbour Reff in Iceland.
1563, December 21
Copenhagen
Hans Gronewold to king Frederick II of Denmark: asks for permission to use the harbours Stappe and Grundeforde in Iceland to reclaim his outstanding debts, as Reff is in use by the king's servants.
Transcript available
1564, March 6
Copenhagen
King Frederick II of Denmark to Hamburg: in response to complaints of Bremen merchants about interference in the harbour Kummerwage in Iceland, it is asked not to sail there anymore this sommer. Also complains about deceptive behaviour of Hamburg ships in the Sound.
Transcript available
1564, March 6
Copenhagen
King Frederick II of Denmark to Bremen: in response to complaints about hindrance by Hamburg merchants in the harbour Kummerwage in Iceland, he has written to the governor in Iceland, and to Hamburg that they should abstain from sailing there this year.
1564, August 11
Copenhagen
Marcus Heine, servant of the Loitz family, to Hieronimus Tenner, German chancellor in Denmark: asks to lower the amount paid to the king for sulfur exported from Iceland, because it is impossible to get sulfur from Iceland in large amounts, and the price is lowering due to the opening of new sulfur mines in Krakow and Goslar. Also about other themes, including the theft of a load of cannonballs by the Swedes, which was destined for Denmark.
1564, September 2
Bremen
Bremen to king Frederick II of Denmark: complaint about interference of Hamburg merchant Jurgen Borchers in the harbour Bodenstede in Iceland, which is in use by Bremen merchants.
Transcript available
1564, September 13
Frederiksborg
King Frederick II of Denmark to Bremen: in reaction to their complaint about hindrance of Hamburg merchants in the harbour Bodenstede in Iceland, states that he has almost completely forbidden Hamburg to sail to Iceland, and grants them the use of the said harbour.
Transcript available
1564, September 13
Frederiksborg
King Frederick II of Denmark to [Joachim] Hinck, dean of the Bremen cathedral chapter: has granted Bremen merchants, who had complained about hindrance by Hamburg merchants in the harbour Bodenstede in Iceland, the use of the said harbour, and almost completely forbade Hamburg merchants to sail to Iceland.
Transcript available
1564, December 4
Nyborg
King Frederick II of Denmark announces that the Hamburg merchants who have used the harbour Hofsos in Iceland have brought bad merchandise, and therefore grants permisison to merchant Hans Nielsen to sail there instead.
1564, December 20
Hamburg
Hamburg merchants who sailed with skipper Johan Borchers to Bodenstede to Hamburg: in response to Bremen complains, state that they have been forbidden to use the Icelandic harbours Stappe, Reff and Grundeforde in 1563 and Kummerwage in 1564, and therefore received permission from governour Pal Stigsson to trade in Bodenstede, and were not doing anything illegal.
Transcript available
1564, December 21
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Frederick II of Denmark: in response to a complaint about Hamburg merchants having sailed to the harbour Bodenstede in Iceland, the merchants answer that in none of the king's letters the harbour was explicitly forbidden.
Transcript available
1565
List of harbours in Iceland to be used by Hamburg merchants for a loan of 100.000 daler, and on the condition that they will not trade with forbidden goods such as train oil and sulfur.
Transcript available
1565, January 9
Hamburg
Instruction for Wilhelm Moller and Heinrich von Kruge, who are sent to Denmark to discuss the prohibition to sail to Iceland for Hamburg merchants, in which they state that their merchants have done nothing wrong, and still have many outstanding debts on the island.
1565, January 14
Rendsburg
Stefan Loitz to king Frederick II of Denmark: asks how to pay the 60.000 daler for the Icelandic trade, among other things. The letter also deals with a horn of a fish which Cordt Blume brought with him from Iceland two years ago.
Transcript available
1565, January 28
Frederiksborg
King Frederick II of Denmark to counselors Magnus Gyldenstern, Johan Friis and Borge Trolle: has allowed Hamburg merchants to sail to Iceland again this year, but not to the harbour Hofsas, or to any harbour that is in use by Danish merchants.
Transcript available
1565, February 19
Malmö
King Frederick II of Denmark permits Andres Gudske, burgomaster, and Knut Pedersen, secretary in Copenhagen, to trade with the harbour Botsand in Iceland until further notice and to trade with fish oil in the entire sýsla, on the condition that they will not trade sulfur, trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1565, March 3
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Frederick II of Denmark: request to keep sailing to Iceland, among others because of the many outstanding debts.
Transcript available
1565, March 4
Börringe
King Frederick II of Denmark to Magnus Guldenstiern: asks among others to conceal the royal sulfur reserves from Stefan Loitz, to grant the royal sulfur refinerer a license for a harbour in Iceland, and informs that he has ordered the royal merchant Hans Nielsen to acquire a ship in Rostock, Lübeck or Hamburg.
Transcript available
1565, March 5
Byringe
King Frederick II of Denmark permits Anders Jude from Copenhagen to trade with the harbours Reff and Stappe in Iceland until further notice, on the condition that he will not trade with sulfur, trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
Transcript available
1565, March 16
Byringe
King Frederick II of Denmark permits his sulfur refiner Gert Bomhofer to trade with the harbours Patresfiord, Billingerwoge, and Tolkefiord in the Westfjords of Iceland, on the condition that he will not trade with sulfur, trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1565, March 23
Copenhagen
Counselors Magnus Guldenstern, Johan Friis, Birge Trolde, and Herlof Trolde to king Frederick II of Denmark: because of the request of Hamburg merchants to use certain harbours in Iceland, governour Paul Stigsen has compiled a list of harbours in use.
Transcript available
1565, April 5
Lund
King Frederick II of Denmark to Hamburg: permits the sailing of Hamburg merchants to Iceland the coming summer, to reclaim their outstanding debts, but not to start new commercial activities.
Transcript available
1565, August 14
Copenhagen
King Frederick II of Denmark permits Bartholomeus Tinappel, burgomaster of Lübeck, to trade with the harbour Dyreforde in Iseforde in Iceland until further notice, on the condition that he will not trade with sulfur, trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
Transcript available
1565, September 6
Bremen
Ludolf van Varendorp, dean of the cathedral chapter in Bremen, Georg van Helle, Hilmar van Monnickhusen and Adrian van Steinberg to king Frederick II of Denmark: request for licenses for the harbours of Grindewick and Kibbelwick in Iceland on behalf of Herman Schomaker and Herman Knechting, who had sailed there for a long time, but lost their ship during a siege of Bremen, and therefore their trade was taken over by Hamburg merchants.
1565, October 9
Bremen
Bremen merchants with Bodenstede to Joachim Hinck, dean of the Bremen cathedral chapter: ask for mediation in acquiring a new license to use the harbour Bodenstede in Iceland.
1565, December 12
Hamburg
Hamburg merchants with Iceland to king Frederick II of Denmark: request to keep sailing to Iceland, as they could not collect their outstanding debts last summer because they were not allowed to bring any merchandise to Iceland, and so the Icelanders sold their fish to others.
1566, February 9
Hamburg
Hamburg merchants with Iceland to Hamburg: request to keep sailing to Iceland, or at least one time more to reclaim their still outstanding debts, which they could not collect last year as they were not allowed to bring any other goods, so the Icelanders sold their fish to others.
1566, February 12
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Frederick II of Denmark: request on behalf of the merchants trading in Iceland to keep trading there.
Transcript available
1566, February 28
Copenhagen
King Frederick II of Denmark permits counselor Birge Trolle to trade with the harbours Bodenstede and Kummerwage in Iceland until further notice, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
Transcript available
1566, February 28
Copenhagen
Herman von Oldenseel (Lübeck) license for Vopnafjörður, which was formerly used by a Bremen man. King Frederick II of Denmark permits Herman von Oldenseel from Lübeck to trade with the harbour Wopnefiorde in Iceland, which was used by a man from Bremen before, until further notice.
Transcript available
1566, March 3
Frederiksborg
King Frederick II of Denmark permits Jochim Wichman from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Haneforde in Iceland until further notice, on the condition that he will not trade with sulfur, trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1566, March 7
Stettin
Stefan Loitz to king Frederick II of Denmark: among many other things, complains about the decision that Hans Nielsen should sail to Iceland with his ships from Rostock, because the sulfur trade is supposed to be his monopoly and that this will only create new misunderstandings.
1566, March 28
Bremen
Bremen merchants with Kummerwage and Bodenstede to Bremen: request for permission to keep sailing to the harbours Kummerwage and Bodenstede in Iceland, which according to a letter from governour Magnus Guldenstern have been given to Danes, but which they have used for over 70 years.
1566, March 29
Bremen
Bremen merchants with Kummerwage and Bodenstede to Joachim Hinck, dean of the Bremen cathedral chapter: ask for mediation to keep sailing to the harbours Kummerwage and Bodenstede in Iceland, which have recently been given to Danish merchants, but were used for over 70 years by Bremen merchants, and for which ships have already been prepared.
1566, March 30
Bremen
Bremen merchants with Kummerwage and Bodenstede to Joachim Hinck, dean of the Bremen cathedral chapter: ask for mediation to keep sailing to the harbours Kummerwage and Bodenstede in Iceland, which have recently been given to Danish merchants, but were used for over 70 years by Bremen merchants, and for which ships have already been prepared.
1566, March 30
Bremen
Bremen to king Frederick II of Denmark: request for permission to sail to the harbours Kummerwage and Bodenstede, which according to a letter from the Icelandic governour have been given to Danish merchants, but for which ships have already been prepared.
Transcript available
1566, April 18
Copenhagen
King Frederick II of Denmark to Bremen: reply to the request for licenses for the harbours Kummerwage and Bodenstede in Iceland, that they have been given to Danish citizens. Furthermore about Peter Bolck and Swedish privateers on the North Sea.
1566, April 19
Stettin
Stefan Loitz to Hieronimus Tenner, German chancellor in Denmark: among many other things, he has heard that Hans Nielsen will sail to Iceland this year, and has sent him the requested commodities he needs for this trip. 40 last flour and 40 last beer will follow.
Transcript available
1566, May 24
Bremen
Bremen to king Frederick II of Denmark: in response to accusations of hosting Swedish privateers in Bremen waters, they answer they have not heard of such thing, and remind the king that they have been driven from most of their harbours in Iceland by Hamburg merchants during the last years, and therefore need protection in the harbours Kummerwage and Bodenstede.
Transcript available
1566, June 17
Copenhagen
King Frederick II of Denmark permits Henrick Mumme to trade with the harbour Ostforde in Iceland, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
Transcript available
1566, June 25
Copenhagen
King Frederick II of Denmark permits Jochim Thim from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Kibbelwick in Iceland until further notice, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
Transcript available
1566, June 27
Copenhagen
King Frederick II of Denmark permits Marcus Hess, burgomaster of Copenhagen, to trade with the harbour Botsand in Iceland until further notice, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1566, October 6
Hamburg
Franz Friese to king Frederick II of Denmark: mentions how he has sailed to Haneforde in Iceland for 30 years, which has been given to the servant of Stefan Loitz now, and requests to sail to Haneforde again, with mediation of the queen dowager.
1566, October 16
Flensburg
Queen dowager Dorothea of Denmark to king Frederick II: letter of mediation on behalf of Franz Friese from Hamburg, who requests to sail to Iceland again.
1567
Small register of debts in Iceland by Hamburg shipowners and Johan Falchener from Amsterdam.
Transcript available
1567, January 29
Frederiksborg
King Frederick II of Denmark permits Christoffer Vogler, scribe of Segeberg castle, to trade with the harbour Dyreforde in Iseforde in Iceland until further notice, on the condition that he will not trade sulfur and fish oil, trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
Transcript available
1567, [ca. January 29]
[Hamburg]
Jurgen Wegener, Hans Elers and Hieronimus Voegler to Hamburg: Christoffer Voegler from Segeberg has received a license for the harbours Dureforde and Iseforde in Iceland, for which Lübeck merchants are fitting out a ship in Hamburg to sail there. Therefore, it is requested to write a letter to Lübeck to forbid this.
1567, February 28
Bremen
Bremen to king Frederick II of Denmark: answer to the complaint of Heinrich Mumme, in which they state that their subjects have sailed to Ostforde in Iceland for 70 years, still have many outstanding debts, and ask for continued permission to sail there.
Transcript available
1567, March 3
Lübeck
Friderich Knefell, Herman Oldenspell and Wilhelm Medinck to Lübeck: state that they have been forbidden by Hamburg to sail to Iceland, but that they have no right to do this, as they act on behalf of late burgomaster Bartholomeus Tinappel, who had a rightful license for Iceland.
Transcript available
1567, March 4
Lübeck
Lübeck to Hamburg: there is no reason for the prohibition for Friderich Knevel to sail to Iceland, and therefore it is asked to not hinder him in sailing to Iceland.
Transcript available
1567, March 14
Lübeck
Lübeck to Hamburg: repeated request to grant free passage to their citizens who had been forbidden by the Hamburg council to sail to Iceland.
1567, April 4
Lübeck
Margaretha, widow of Bartholomeus Tinappel to Lübeck: request for continued use of a harbour in Iceland for which her deceased husband had a license, and who has served the city of Lubeck and the king of Denmark greatly.
1567, April 6
Lübeck
Lübeck to king Frederick II of Denmark: request for continued use of a harbour in Iceland on behalf of the widow of burgomaster and admiral Barthomoleus Tinappel.
1567, May 4
Frederiksborg
King Frederick II of Denmark announces, that he has sent Copenhagen merchant Hans Nielsen to Germany to buy commodities for the people in Iceland.
Transcript available
1567, August 4
Johan Brokes to Danish governour Peder Oxen: request for a license for the harbours Adnerforde, Tolkeforde and Patrisforde in Iceland, which are currently not in use, on behalf of Bartholomeus Tinappel's widow.
Transcript available
1567, September 9
Copenhagen
King Frederick II of Denmark permits Margarete, Bartholomeus Tinappel's widow, to trade with the harbour Alnfiord in Iceland, on the condition that she will not trade sulfur or fish oil, trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
Transcript available
1567, September 22
Bremen
Bremen merchants with Iceland to Joachim Hinck, dean of the Bremen cathedral chapter: ask for mediation in acquiring a license to use the harbours Bodenstede and Kummerwage in Iceland.
Transcript available
1567, September 26
Bremen
Instruction for Tyleman Zerneman, who is sent by the Bremen city council to the king of Denmark to ask for reduction of the tolls to be paid for harbours in Iceland because of the bad fish catches of the last year, and licenses for the harbours Bodenstede, Stappe, Kummerwage, and Ostforde, and for reduction of the Sound toll on behalf of the city's Bergen merchants.
1567, September 30
Bremen
Joachim Hinck, dean of the Bremen cathedral chapter, to king Frederick II: request for licenses to use the harbours Kummerwage and Bodenstede in Iceland on behalf of Bremen merchants, among other things.
Transcript available
1567, October 31
Aarhus
King Frederick II of Denmark permits Johan Munsterman from Bremen to trade with the harbour Kummerwage in Iceland until further notice, on the condition that he will not trade sulfur or fish oil, trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
Transcript available
1567, October 31
Aarhus
King Frederick II of Denmark permits Johan Hudeman from Bremen to trade with the harbour Bodenstede in Iceland until further notice, on the condition that he will not trade sulfur or fish oil, trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1568, January 30
Bremen
Bremen to king Frederick II of Denmark: repeated complaint about Hamburg merchants, who have a license to trade in the harbour Ostforde in Iceland, but which Bremen merchants have used for more than 60 years, and request to keep using the harbour.
1568, February 21
Lübeck
Widow and heirs of Bartholomeus Tinappel to Lübeck: explain how the ship of Tinappel's widow had been in Iceland very late in autumn, and could therefore not sell all commodities on board, which were left on the island. Therefore, she sent a ship to Dureforde last sommer to get these commodities and reclaim outstanding debts, and thus Christof Vögler, the Danish merchant who has the harbour now, has no right to complain as it did not harm him.
Transcript available
1568, March 4
Copenhagen
King Frederick II of Denmark to Bremen: forbids Bernd Losekanne to use the harbour Ostforde in Iceland, after Heinrich Mumme, who holds the license for the said harbour, has complained about Losekanne's interference there.
Transcript available
[1568, before March 4]
[Copenhagen]
Heinrich Mumme to king Frederick II of Denmark: complains about Bernd Losekanne from Bremen, who has hindered him once again in the harbour Ostforde in Iceland, even though the king has forbidden him to do so the year before.
1568, March 6
Lübeck
Lübeck to king Frederick II of Denmark: declare that Bartholomeus Tinappel's widow had only sailed a ship to Iceland to reclaim her outstanding debts.
1568, April 5
Bremen
Bremen to king Frederick II of Denmark: answer to the prohibition for Bernd Losekanne to use the harbour Ostforde in Iceland, after complaints of Heinrich Mumme. Also about the Sound toll.
1569, February 14
Bremen
Instruction for Thomas Haverkamp and Tyleman Zerneman, representatives of the city council of Bremen to the Danish king, to discuss among others the Sound toll on behalf of the Bergen merchants and the permission for Bremen merchants to use the harbour Ostforde in Iceland.
Transcript available
1569, April 2
Copenhagen
King Frederick II of Denmark declares that he has permitted Bernd Losekanne from Bremen to sail to Ostforde or Pappie in Iceland, to which Heinrich Mumme has sailed before, under the condition that Mumme can still use the harbour in 1570.
Transcript available
1570, March 29
Roskilde
King Frederick II of Denmark permits Christoffer Vogler to trade with the harbour Dyreforde in Iseforde in Iceland until further notice, on the condition that he will not trade sulfur and fish oil, trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1570, August 14
Stettin
Joachim Hinck, dean of the Bremen cathedral chapter, to Danish councillor Peter Oxen: asks for protection of Bremen merchants in Stappe against interference from Hamburg merchants.
Transcript available
1570, September 23
Bremen
Christoffer Bornhorst, Vasmer Bake, Johan Hudeman, Johan Lubbe and Christoffer Meier, merchants who trade with Bodenstede in Iceland to [Joachim Hinck, dean of the Bremen cathedral chapter]: ask for help in preventing Hamburg merchant Hans Gronewold from interfering in the harbour Stappe, which belongs to Bodenstede.
1570, October 15
Stettin
Joachim Hinck, dean of the Bremen cathedral chapter, to Danish councillor Peter Oxen: repeated request to help Bremen merchants in Stappe in Iceland against interference of Hamburg merchants, even though Oxen answered that the harbour had already been given to someone else.
Transcript available
1570, October 21
Bremen
Johan Munsterman and Clawes Wittesant, merchants in the harbour Kummerwage in Iceland, to Joachim Hinck, dean of the Bremen cathedral chapter: relate how others are applying for licenses for Kummerwage at the Danish king, and ask Hinck for his mediation in continuing to sail there.
Transcript available
1571, January 25
Bremen
Bremen to king Frederick II of Denmark: complain about the use of the harbour Stappe in Iceland by a Hamburg merchant, who interferes with business of Bremen merchants in nearby Bodenstede, and asks the king to prevent this.
1571, March 24
Fredriksborg
King Frederick II of Denmark to governour Johan Bockholt in Iceland: states that Copenhagen burgomaster Marcus Hes, who let a ship sail to the harbour Botsand in Iceland, has complained about interference of Hamburg merchants there, and asks to not allow this anymore.
Transcript available
1571, October 25
Frederiksborg
King Frederick II of Denmark permits Claus Lude from Bremen to trade with the harbour Grindewick in Iceland until further notice, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
Transcript available
1572, January 20
Nyborg
King Frederick II of Denmark permits Copenhagen burgomaster Marcus Hess to trade with sulfur in the harbours Eyeforde, Husewick and Schageforde in Iceland for four years, for which he shall pay 4500 daler and 2 lasts of sulfur annually, and forbids all others to trade in these harbours.
Transcript available
1572, April 16
[Bremen]
Contract between Luder Wedeman, Johan Reineken, Luder Meyer, Hinrick Pundt, Marten Losekanne and Hinrick Osnabrugge, and skipper Bernd Losekanne, in which they form a trading company together to sail to Iceland, but promise to behave as ordinary sailors under Losekanne's command during the journey. Nine other persons are also part of the company but stay at home.
1573, April 19
Hamburg
Hamburg merchants with Iceland to Hamburg: although it has been forbidden for Hamburg merchants to use three harbours in the north of Iceland, which are used by Copenhagen burgomaster Marcus Hess, count Adolf of Schleswig-Holstein is now preparing a ship to sail there, under command of Hamburg skipper Herman von Horsten.
Transcript available
1573, April 20
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Frederick II of Denmark: complaint of the merchants with Iceland, that they have been forbidden to use three harbours in the North of Iceland, Oyefordt, Husewick and Schagefordt, which are now used by Copenhagen burgomaster Marcus Hess, and that now count Adolf of Schleswig-Holstein is preparing a ship to sail there, under command of Hamburg skipper Herman von Horsten.
1573, June 25
Gottorp
Duke Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp to king Frederick II of Denmark: has ordered a ship to sail to Iceland and return to Kiel, and asks to grant the skipper free passage in the Øresund.
Transcript available
1573, November 26
[Hamburg]
Eldermen of the confraternity of merchants with Iceland to Hamburg: complaint against Carsten Langwedel, who has not paid the rent of his house to the confraternity for two years, and has stolen goods from the property. Although Langwedel claims to own the house, this is not true, and it is demanded that he pays the money and returns the confiscated property.
1575, February 23
Gottorp
Duke Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp to king Frederick II of Denmark: has prepared a ship to sail to Iceland to collect fish and sulfur, and requests passes for free passage in the North and South of Iceland, and in the Øresund.
Transcript available
1575, March 28
[Bremen]
Confirmation of the verdict of the Bremen city council in the conflict between Christoffer Meyer and Bernd Losekanne, in which it is decided that Losekanne shall be free to trade in Iceland, but not hinder his former trading partners in their harbour.
Transcript available
1575, April 7
[Bremen]
Schaffenradt, secretary in Bremen, declares that he has gone to Bernd Losekanne's house, where he has seen that his license to trade in Iceland has been torn to pieces and the royal seal has been removed. Losekanne declared that the license was issued in his name only, but Christoffer Meyer and others with whom he had a trading company, claimed that it was also valid for them.
Transcript available
1575, August 6
Skriðuklaustur
Eirikur Arnason states, that he has bought a barrel of iron (osemund) from Bernd Losekanne in Dupwage in Iceland, and left it there to collect it later, and that a piece of wadmal, which he left at the trading site, was not intended for Losekanne but for a Hamburg merchant named Matthias.
Transcript available
[1576, after February 13]
[Bremen]
Bernd Losekanne to [Bremen]: final plea against Christoffer Meyer, in which he explains that three of his trading partners mutinied against him in Iceland, and although he had the right as skipper to expel the mutineers from the company, they conspired against him, so that he was forced to leave the company and fit out a ship himself. That being the case, he has as much right as his former trading partners to use the harbour Ostforde, especially since the trade with Iceland has been freed from restrictions, but if they really insist on prohibiting him to use the Ostforde, they themselves are not welcome in Roderforde, the harbour he used last year.
Transcript available
1576, February 6
[Bremen]
Bernd Losekanne to [Bremen]: defense against accusations of Christoffer Meyer and his partners, that he has interfered with their business in Iceland, even though the Bremen city council forbade this a year earlier. Losekanne states that this is not the case, as Iceland is free to trade in for anyone, Icelanders are free to trade with many merchants, and he has only traded with people who were still indebted to him.
Transcript available
1576, February 13
[Bremen]
Christoffer Meyer to [Bremen]: answer and final plea to the defense of Bernd Losekanne, in which he states that Losekanne did indeed interfere with their business in Iceland, and lies by stating otherwise. Moreover, he tried to destroy evidence by tearing up the license for the harbour, traded with Icelanders which were indebted to Meyer, and told them that Meyer was attacked by English pirates and would not come to Iceland.
1576, February 21
Stade
Stade to Joachim Hinck, dean of the Bremen cathedral chapter: ask for his help in acquiring a royal Danish license to sail to Iceland this year, on behalf of some of their citizens.
Transcript available
1576, October 28
Bremen
Bremen to king Frederick II of Denmark: request to renew the license to use the harbour Ostforde in Iceland. The license was formerly given to Bernd Losekanne, and should now be transferred to Christoffer Meyer.
Transcript available
[1576, ca. October 28]
[Bremen]
Christoffer Meyer to Bremen: request for mediation with the Danish king to transfer and extend the license to use the harbour Ostforde in Iceland, which was previously given to Bernd Losekanne, to Christoffer Meyer.
1576, December 23
Stade
Stade merchants with Iceland to Joachim Hinck, dean of the Bremen cathedral chapter: ask for his help in acquiring licenses to use the harbours Patersforde, Tolkesforde, Bidalsforde, Durforde, and Iseforde in Iceland, and other harbours except for Haneforde, Wapenforde, Stappe and Reff, which are already licensed to others.
1577, February 26
Stade
Stade to king Frederick II of Denmark: request to sail to Iceland on behalf of Heinrich Michaels and Luder Vake.
Transcript available
1577, March 19
Hamburg
Jurgen Timme to Bremen: complaint against the skipper Rolof Gerdes, who was supposed to sail from Hamburg to Iceland with commodities from Holstein and Denmark. Gerdes later changed his mind, although Timme had already bought many commodities, and now asks for compensation.
1577, April 6
Buxtehude
Buxtehude to king Frederick II of Denmark: request permission to sail to Iceland, on behalf of their citizens, who have already fitted out a ship and swear that they will not bring goods from Hamburg to Iceland.
1577, April 17
Buxtehude
Buxtehude to Joachim Hinck, dean of the Bremen cathedral chapter: request mediation with the Danish king for permission to sail to Iceland, on behalf of their citizens, who have already fitted out a ship and have before traded there freely, but are now required to apply for a license.
1577, May 3
Frederiksborg
King Frederick II of Denmark declares, that he has renewed the license for the harbour Ostforde in Iceland, which was given to Bernd Losekanne before but who has misbehaved, on behalf of Bremen merchant Christoffer Meyer.
Transcript available
1577, June 3
[Hamburg]
Merchants sailing to Iceland to Hamburg: complain about the quarrel between the Danish king and Hamburg, which has led to a prohibition to sail to Iceland, where they still have many outstanding debts, and now their fellow merchants are moving to other cities and sailing from there, much to their own and the city's damage. Therefore, it is asked that the council will do its best to restore the former situation.
1577, August 5
Buxtehude
Buxtehude to the Danish council of the Realm: asks with the help of Joachim Hinck, dean of the Bremen cathedral chapter, that if any harbours will become available in Iceland in the future, if they can be used by Buxtehude citizens.
1577, September 28
Gottorp
Duke Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp to king Frederick II of Denmark: states how he had sailed to Iceland the year before, but was forbidden to do so this year, and therefore almost ran out of stockfish. As merchants from Bremen and Stade have gotten licenses, he requests one for a harbour in Southern Iceland as well.
1577, December 31
Gottorp
Duke Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp to king Frederick II of Denmark: request for licenses for two ships for harbours in Southern Iceland, where they have already sailed the summer before.
Transcript available
1578, January 20
Stade
Stade merchants with Iceland to Joachim Hinck, dean of the Bremen cathedral chapter: relate how they requested a license for the harbours Iseforde and Patersforde in Iceland, but the latter was confused with Alteforde. When they arrived in Iceland with two ships, they were not allowed in the Patersforde. Therefore, intercession with the king is asked to correct this.
Transcript available
1579, February 9
Bremen
Bremen to king Frederick II: request for permission for Johan Munsterman's widow to use the harbours Kummerwage and Neswage in Iceland, which her deceased husband had used before, but had shipwrecked twice.
Transcript available
1579, April 7
Bremen
Bremen to Hamburg: complaint on behalf of Christoffer Meyger, who has used the harbour Ostforde in Iceland for many years, that merchants from Hamburg have also used the harbour in the previous two years, hindering Meyer's business. Therefore, it is asked to stop this.
1579, October
Jever
Joachim Kolling to the count of Oldenburg: request to ask the Danish king for permission to use the harbour Kummerwage in Iceland, to which Kolling has sailed for several years before and from which he has shipped fish to Jever.
1579, October 29
Oldenburg
Count John VII of Oldenburg to king Frederik II of Denmark: request to use the harbour Kumbaravogur on Iceland, on behalf of Joachim Kolling.
1579, December 11
Skanderborg
King Frederik II of Denmark permits Joachim Kolling to trade in the harbour Kumbaravogur in Iceland until further notice, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
Transcript available
1580, April 8
Oldenburg
Count John VII of Oldenburg to Bremen: request to grant Joachim Kolling, from the land of Jever, free passage and to not hinder him in his plans to sail to Iceland.
Transcript available
1580, July 10
Staðastað
Governour Johan Bockholt of Iceland to Bremen: requests to allow Roleff Gerdes to sail to Iceland, who was forbidden by the city council to sail to the harbour Kummerwage for his brother-in-law Joachim Kolling. As Kolling has a license to use this harbour, Roleff Gerdes has every right to sail for him. Moreover, the deceased Johan Munsterman is still indebted to Jacob Petersonn.
Transcript available
1580, September 1
[Bremen]
Notary Conradus Mimehsen states, that Joachim Kolling has told that he has taken a letter by Heine Ratken from the house of his brother-in-law Roleff Gerdes and took it to the governour in Iceland.
Transcript available
1580, November 16
Oldenburg
Joachim Kolling declares, that he has received a license to use the harbour Kummerwage in Iceland from the king of Denmark with help from count John VII of Oldenburg, and that he has fitted out a ship together with 16 ship owners, and will behave like an honest merchant.
Transcript available
1580, November 24
Hooksiel
Joachim Kolling to Roleff Gerdes: if Heine Ratken, who complained about 1000 gulden damage, has a problem with Kolling, he should sue him and not Gerdes, as he has done twice. Moreover, he has brought Ratken's letter to the governour of Iceland.
Transcript available
1581, October 14
Clawes Stein to archbishop Henry III of Bremen: request for intercession with the Danish king in acquiring a license for thirty years for the harbour Schagevorde in the North, or Bereforde in the East of Iceland, which are currently not in use.
1581, October 21
Neuhaus
Prince-archbishop Henry III of Bremen to king Frederick II of Denmark: request for a license to use a certain harbour in Iceland on behalf of Clawes Stein from Bremen.
[1582]
[Bremen]
[Bremen to prince-archbishop Henry III of Bremen]: complaint about interference of Hamburg merchants Simon Schmidt and Matthias Eggers in the harbour Ostforde in Iceland, which Berndt Losekanne and Christoffer Meyer have used for over 80 years.
1582, January 18
Bremen
Heinrich Salomon, Christoffer Meyer and Bernd Losekanne to prince-archbishop Henry III of Bremen: ask for help in protection against Hamburg competitors in the harbours Ost- and Horneforde, for which they have a license from the king.
1582, February 1
Bremen
Heinrich Salomon, Christoffer Meyer and Bernd Losekanne to Bremen: complaint about the interference of Hamburg merchants in their business in the harbour Ostforde in Iceland, for which they have a license.
1582, February 2
Bremen
Bremen to king Frederick II of Denmark: complaint about interference of Hamburg merchants in the harbours Ost- and Horneforde and other places in Iceland, and ask the king to prevent this.
1582, February 13
Bremen
Hinrich Salomon, Dietrich Vasmer, and Evert Hoveman to king Frederick II of Denmark: complain about interference of Oldenburg and Hamburg in the harbour Neswage in Iceland, and ask for protection of their rights there.
1582, February 26
Fürstenau
Prince- archbishop Henry III of Bremen to king Frederick II of Denmark: requests to prohibit Hamburg merchants to use the harbour Ostforde in Iceland, which they do in spite of the license that Bremen merchants Christoffer Meyer, Johan Wiggers, and Bernd Losekanne have for the place.
1583, September 6
Bremervörde
Prince-archbishop Henry III of Bremen to king Frederick II of Denmark: reminds him that he promised to see if the harbour Reff in Iceland was available, and if not if the king can grant permission to use Neswage in the meantime, until Reff becomes available.
Transcript available
1584, January 11
Havreballegård?
King Frederick II of Denmark to Hamburg: has decided to give Paul Lindeman, who has traded illegally in Iceland, half of the confiscated property back on his request, and warns other Hamburg merchants that it is illegal to trade in harbours without having a license.
Transcript available
1584, February 13
Skanderborg
King Frederick II of Denmark to Hamburg: has received the request of the Hamburg merchants with Iceland, and has sent it on to royal councillor Christoff Walckendorff.
1585 ca.
Flensburg
Claus Jacobsen to the Danish Council of the Realm: request for a license to use the harbour Langenes in Iceland.
1585, February 13
Oldenburg
Count John VII of Oldenburg to the Danish king: Joachim Kolling, who had the license for the harbour Kummerwage in Iceland, has proved to be unreliable. Therefore, the count requests a renewal for the harbour on his own name, including the harbours Neswage and Grundeforde, as well as a prohibition for the Bremen skipper Bruning Nagel, who sailed for the archbishop of Bremen to both harbours.
Transcript available
1585, February 15
Copenhagen
King Frederick II of Denmark to Hamburg: declares that, according to the declarations of Copenhagen in 1562, and Flensburg in 1579, Hamburg merchants are prohibited from sailing to Iceland without a valid license, just like anyone else, and that the king is not obliged to issue a license, although generally he is willing to do so.
Transcript available
1585-1586
[Oldenburg]
Account book of the Oldenburg merchants trading with Iceland, containing a list of collected capital from the shipowners and merchants, directions and expenses for brewing beer, and hire amounts for the crew. Four loose leaves contain older accounts, among others for the purchase and equipment of a ship.
1585, March 18
Kronborg
King Frederik II of Denmark permits count John VII of Oldenburg to trade with the harbour Kummerwage in Iceland until further notice, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1585, June 17
Copenhagen
King Frederik II of Denmark permits count John VII of Oldenburg to trade with the harbours Neswage and Grundeforde in Iceland until further notice, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
[1585, after November 24]
[Hamburg]
Hamburg to king Frederick II of Denmark: answer to the king's resolution about the Icelandic trade, in which they thank him for that, and ask for privileged treatment of Hamburg merchants in Iceland, and the right to sail with two small ships annually to northern Iceland.
Transcript available
1585, November 24
Copenhagen
King Frederick II of Denmark confirms the rights of the Hamburg merchants in Iceland according to the resolutions of Copenhagen in 1562, and Flensburg in 1579, in which they are forbidden to trade with sulfur, are obliged to acquire a written license from the king, and have to allow others to trade there as well.
Transcript available
1586
List of merchants who received a license for certain harbours in Iceland and for how long.
Transcript available
1586
Notes about two issued licenses in Iceland: of Botsand and Dureshave to citizens from Wilster, 1584, and Neswage and Grundeforde to the count of Oldenburg, 1585.
1586, January 21
Kronborg
King Frederick II of Denmark permits Hans van Delmenhorst from Lübeck to trade with the harbour Holm in Iceland for ten more years, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
Transcript available
1586, February 13
Hamburg
List of harbours in Iceland, for which Hamburg merchants have applied for a license.
1586, February 19
Kronborg
King Frederick II of Denmark permits Hans von Hutlen from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Kibbelwick in Iceland for four years, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1586, February 19
Kronborg
King Frederick II of Denmark permits Bartelt Elers and Cordt Tacke from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Iseforde in Iceland for four years, on the condition that they will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1586, February 19
Kronborg
King Frederick II of Denmark permits Ratke Timmerman from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Schagestrand in Iceland for four years, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
Transcript available
1587
Short list of merchants who have received a license for certain harbours in Iceland in 1586 and 1587.
1587, October 21
Hamburg
Paul Lindeman to Hamburg: request for the renewal of the license for the harbour Wapenforde in Iceland, which he received last year for two years together with Cordt Botker, who has died.
1587, October 21
Hamburg
Bernd Osthof to Hamburg: request for the renewal of his license for the harbour Grindewick in Iceland, which will expire next year.
1587, October 21
Hamburg
Jochim Focke to Hamburg: request for renewal of his license for the harbour Ostfriedenes or Hoddenforde in Iceland, which he has received for two years and will expire next year.
1587, November 9
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Frederick II of Denmark: request renewal of the licenses for the harbours Wapenforde, Grindewick and Ostfriedenes in Iceland, on behalf of Paul Lindeman, Bernd Osthof and Jochim Focke, which they had for two years before, as well as a new license for Dureshave and Rodershave in Langenes, which have become free, on behalf of Jochim Warneke.
Transcript available
1587, November 29
London
Elderman Moritz Zimmerman of the London Steelyard to Bremen: has found out that the ship that was attacked by English pirates near Shetland while on the way to Iceland, is lying at the Isle of Man, most of the goods sold, and that attempts to retrieve it will cost a lot of money and trouble.
Transcript available
1587, December
Bremen
Johan Hudeman and Evert Schroder to Bremen: state that they have sailed to the harbour Bodenstede in Iceland for a long time, and acquired a license in 1586. On the way back, their ship has been attacked by English pirates, who left them naked on Shetland, and also robbed them of their license. Therefore, they request intercession in acquiring a new one from the Danish king.
1587, December 20
Bremen
Bremen to king Frederick II of Denmark: request for a new license for the harbour Bodenstede in Iceland on behalf of Johan Hudeman and Evert Schroder, because the old license was lost when their ship was attacked by English pirates.
Transcript available
1587, December 31
Bremen
Bremen to king Frederick II of Denmark: describe how a ship coming back from Iceland to Bremen, which among others had stockfish on board destined for the king, was attacked by English pirates near Shetland. Now it has become clear that the ship is on the Isle of Man, support of the king is requested in retrieving it.
1588, January 3
Anonymous to king Frederick II of Denmark: Claus Jacobsen from Flensburg has asked for a license for Wapenforde, which is currently in use by Paul Lindeman from Hamburg, but the king would be better off giving it to his own subject. Furthermore, Hamburg merchants are hindering Bremen merchants in two harbours, and are trying to establish a monopoly on trading in Iceland.
1588, May 24
Hamburg
Herman Moller to Hans Meyer: asks for help in acquiring a license for two harbours in Iceland, Bredeforde (formerly in use by Marten Losekanne from Bremen), and Wapenforde, in use by Paul Lindeman from Hamburg.
1588, December 28
Copenhagen
Danish treasurer Christoffer Valckendorff declares, that he allows Ambrosius Loring and Bernd Salfeld from Hamburg to trade in the harbours Stappe and Reff for one more year because the Council of the Realm has not met, but that they should request a proper renewal of their license next year.
Transcript available
1589
Bremen
Bremen secretary Daniel Bisterfeldt to the Danish Council of the Realm: list of four harbours in Iceland for which licenses should be renewed or requested on behalf of Bremen merchants, namely: Ostforde on behalf of Martin Losekanne, Bodenstede for Johan Hudeman, Flatto for Carsten Bake, and Wattlose for Johan Schroder.
1589, May
Hamburg
Peter Lutkens, Peter Kruse and Paul Cordes to Hamburg: a previous request for a license for the harbour Bereforde in Iceland was not granted, because the Council of the Realm did not meet. Now the license is requested again, including an extension to the neighbouring harbour Dupwage, which has been used by Bremen merchants.
1589, May 12
Hamburg
Hamburg to the Danish council of the Realm: request for a license to use the harbour Bereforde in Iceland on behalf of Peter Lutkens, Peter Kruse, and Paul Cordes, and a license for the harbour Dupwage, which will become free this year.
1589, May 12
Hamburg
Hamburg to the Danish council of the Realm: request for renewal of the licenses for the harbour Dureshave in Langenes in Iceland, on behalf of Cordt Basse, Hans Hering and Hans Schomaker.
1589, May 12
Hamburg
Cordt Basse, Hans Hering and Hans Schomaker to Hamburg: repeated request for the renewal of their license for the harbour Dureshave in Langenes in Iceland.
1589, June 10
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Cordt Basse, Hans Hering and Hans Schomaker from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Dureshave in Iceland for three years, on the condition that they will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1589, June 20
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Daniel Elers from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Bernforde in Iceland, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights. Renovated for three years in October 1594.
1589, July 4
Hamburg
Hamburg to the Danish council of the Realm: request for a license for the harbour Bardestrandtsyssel in Iceland, on behalf of Peter Lutkens, Paul Cordes and Peter Kruse.
1589, July 4
Hamburg
Peter Lutkens, Paul Cordes, and Peter Kruse to Hamburg: as their request for a license for the harbour Bernforde in Iceland was declined because it was already given to another Hamburg merchant, they now request a license for Flatto in Bardestrandssyssel, which has been used since 1586 by Carsten Bake from Bremen, but has now become free.
1589, August 22
Hamburg
Hamburg to the Danish council of the Realm: request for the renewal of the license for the harbour Grindewick in Iceland, on behalf of Berndt Osthof.
1589, August 22
Hamburg
Bernd Osthof to Hamburg: request for the renewal of his license for the harbour Grindewick in Iceland, which he had acquired in 1588.
1589, August 26
Hamburg
Peter Sivers to Hamburg: request for a license for the harbours Holm and Schagestrand in Iceland. The former was used previously by Hans Delmenhorst from Hamburg, who has shipwrecked, whereby Sivers also lost a lot. The latter was formerly used by Ratke Timmerman, but is now free.
1589, August 26
Hamburg
Hamburg to the Danish council of the Realm: request for licenses for the harbours Holm in the south, and Schagestrand in the north of Iceland, on behalf of Peter Sivers.
1589, September 6
Bremen
Bremen merchants with Iceland to Bremen: request for mediation in renewing their licenses for Icelandic harbours: Marten Losekanne in Ostforde, Johan Hudeman in Bodenstede, Carsten Bake in Flatto, and Johan Schroder in Wattlose, plus a license for Neswage on behalf of Evert Hoveman, which is currently owned by Oldenburg but where there has not been a ship last year.
1589, September 7
Bremen
Bremen to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for renewal of the licenses for Bremen citizens, which were issued by Frederick II, and which have ended in this year, and also for the harbour Neswage, which is in use by Oldenburg.
1589, September 12
Eutin
Prince-archbishop John Adolf of Bremen to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for renewal of the license for the harbour Flatto in Iceland on behalf of Carsten Bake from Bremen.
1589, September 15
Eutin
Prince-archbishop John Adolf of Bremen to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for renewal of licenses for the harbours Ostforde, Bodenstede, Flatto and Watlose in Iceland on behalf of Marten Losekanne, Johan Hudeman, Johan Schroder and Carsten Bake from Bremen, as well as a new license for the harbour Neswage on behalf of Everdt Hoveman.
1589, September 25
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Pall Jonsson from Iceland to trade with the harbour Flatey in Iceland for four years, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1589, September 26
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Martin Losekanne from Bremen to trade with the harbour Ostforde in Iceland for three years, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1589, October 25
Hamburg
Hamburg to the Danish council of the Realm: request for renewal of the license for the harbour Wapenforde in Iceland, on behalf of Paul Lindeman, who was attacked by Scottish pirates in 1588.
1589, October 28
Lübeck
Anna, widow of Hans von Delmenhorst to Lübeck: request for continued use of the harbour Holm in Iceland, for which her husband had a license for ten years, of which only three years have been used, and where he sailed for about 35 years, but which is now claimed by someone else.
1589, October 30
Lübeck
Lübeck to king Frederick II of Denmark: request for continued use of the harbour Holm in Iceland on behalf of Anna, the widow of Hans van Delmenhorst.
1589, November 8
Hamburg
Hamburg to the Danish council of the Realm: Ambrosius Loring has formerly requested a renewal of licenses for the harbours Reff and Stappe, for himself and on behalf of Bernd Salfeld. Since the latter has recently acquired his license for Reff, a new license for Stappe on behalf of Loring is now requested.
1589, November 10
Hamburg
Bartelt Elers and Cordt Tacke to Hamburg: request a renewal of their license for the harbour Iseforde in Schiffelforde in Iceland.
1589, November 10
Hamburg
Hans von Hutlen to Hamburg: request for a renewal of his license for the harbour Kibbelwick in Iceland.
1589, November 12
Hamburg
Hamburg to the Danish Council of the Realm: request to renew the license for the harbour Iseforde in Schiffelforde in Iceland on behalf of Bartelt Elers and Cordt Tacke.
1589, November 12
Hamburg
Hamburg to the Danish council of the Realm: request for renewal of the license for the harbour Kibbelwick in Iceland, on behalf of Hans von Hutlen.
1589, December 3
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Hans von Hutlen from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Kibbelwick in Iceland for three years, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1589, December 3
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Bartelt Elers and Cordt Tacke from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Iseforde in Iceland for three years, on the condition that they will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1589, December 3
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Ambrosius Loring from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Stappe in Iceland for three years, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1589, December 6
Hamburg
Hamburg to the Danish council of the Realm: request for the renewal of licenses in Iceland on behalf of Hans von Kleve, Matthias Eggers, Jurgen Schinckel, and for the harbour Schagestrand, formerly issued to Ratke Timmerman, on behalf of Peter Sivers.
1589, December 6
Hamburg
Hans von Kleve, Matthias Eggers, Jurgen Schinckel and Peter Sivers to Hamburg: request for prolongation of their licenses for the harbours Patersforde, Hoffaus, Botsand and Schagestrand in Iceland. The latter was formerly issued to Ratke Timmerman, but he does not want to sail there anymore, so it is requested that his license will be transferred to Peter Sivers.
1589, December 6
Hamburg
Hamburg to the Danish council of the Realm: request for a license to use the harbour Reff in Iceland on behalf of Hans Hase. A license is held by Bernd Salfeld at the time, but it is stated that the harbour can be used by two ships.
1590
Berufjörður
Erik Jakopsen declares that he was sent to Ostforde by governour Lorentz Kruse, and has heard there that the Bremen merchants have always traded honestly in Fulewick.
1590, January 2
Hamburg
Hamburg to the Danish Council of the Realm: request for a prolongation of the license for the harbour Wapenforde in Iceland, on behalf of Paul Lindeman, who has sailed to the harbour for 25 years, but now the license has been mistakingly given to Bremen merchant Marten Losekanne, who has always traded in Bredeforde in the same district.
1590, January 25
Hamburg
Hamburg to the Danish council of the Realm: request for renewal of the license for the harbour Ostfriedenes or Hoddenforde in Iceland on behalf of Jochim Focke.
1590, January 28
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Georg Schinckel from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Botsand in Iceland for three years, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1590, January 29
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Peter Sivers from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Schagestrand in Iceland for three years, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1590, January 29
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Hans von Kleve from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Watnow in Iceland for three years, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1590, January 29
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Hans Hase from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Reff in Iceland for three years. The harbour is already in use by Berndt Salfeld, but it is claimed that they can sail there with two ships. Due to uncertainty about the situation, however, the license is cancelled until further notice.
Transcript available
1590, February 28
Bremen
Bremen to king Christian IV of Denmark: request to change the license of Marten Losekanne for the harbour Wapenforde in Iceland to Ostforde. It is claimed that a mistake was made in the license, as Losekanne and his predecessors have used the Ostforde for 80 years, whereas Wapenforde has been in use by Hamburg merchant Paul Lindeman for 20 years.
1590, March 8
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Joachim Focke from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Ostfriedenes or Hoddenforde in Iceland for three years, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1590, April 12
Kronborg
The German chancery of Denmark confirms having received a letter from Bremen, in which it is requested to change the license for the harbour Wapenforde in Iceland to Ostforde, on behalf of Marten Losekanne.
1590, May 26
Fýluvogur
Bailiff Björn Gunnarson of Múlasýsla declares, that merchant Marten Losekanne and skipper Johan Oldenbuttel have always traded honestly in Fulewick, and bring better merchandise than the Hamburg merchants. Also confirmed by Torder Bernson, Jon Bernson, and priest Siguardus Arnoldi.
1590, August 12
Fýluvogur
Priest Arni Magnusson declares that merchant Marten Losekanne and skipper Johan Oldenbuttel and their predecessors have traded in Fulewick for 80 years, always honestly, and have brought better goods than the merchants from Hamburg.
1590, October 14
Bremen
Bremen to king Christian IV of Denmark: repeated request to change the name for the license of Wapenforde in Iceland to Ostforde, on behalf of Martin Losekanne. Also a new request for a license for Klevesohe in Lon on behalf of Friedrich Tilebare. The harbour has not been used before, but its inhabitants have been trading with the Bremen merchants in Ostforde.
1590, November 3
Kolding
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Martin Losekanne from Bremen to trade with the harbour Ostforde in Iceland for four years, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1590, November 4
Kolding
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Luder Otersen from Lübeck to trade with the harbours Orbackhaffe and Torlakshaffe in Iceland for three years, which were used before by Herman Wegener from Hamburg for Ottersen.
1590, November 4
Kolding
Johan Oldenbuttel from Bremen declares on behalf of Friedrich Tilebare, who has a license for the harbour Klevesohe in Lon in Iceland for four years, that the license will become invalid if it is given to someone else.
1590, November 5
Copenhagen
Excerpt of Marten Losekanne's license for Ostforde in Iceland, with notes about the license of Daniel Elers for Bernforde.
1590, November 5
Kolding
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Hans Holtgreve from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Haneforde in Iceland for three years, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
Transcript available
1590, December 3
Bremen
Testimonies of four old Bremen men Jost Brockman, Bernd Losekanne, Christoffer Meyer and Luder Wedeman, who appeared before the city council by request of Marten Losekanne, and testify that they have all sailed to the harbour called Ostforde in Iceland for many decades.
1590, December 21
Hamburg
Pawel Barnefeld to Hamburg: request for mediation with the Danish king for a license to use the harbour Strome in the South of Iceland, which has been used by Hamburg merchants before, but is now not in use.
1590, December 22
Hamburg
Hamburg to the Danish Council of the Realm: request for a license to use the harbour Strome in the South of Iceland, on behalf of Pawel Barnefeld.
Transcript available
1591
Bremen
Summary of the petitions and complaints of Hamburg and Bremen merchants regarding the conflict between Daniel Elers from Hamburg and Marten Losekanne from Bremen about the harbours Ostforde and Bernforde in Iceland.
1591
Bremen
Secretary Daniel Bisterfeldt from Bremen states his arguments to prove that the harbours Ostforde in Iceland, used by Bremen merchants, and Bernforde, used by Hamburg merchants, are in fact the same harbour.
1591
Hamburg
Daniel Elers to the Danish council of the Realm: complains about how he received a license for the harbour Bernforde in Iceland, but was hindered by Bremen merchant Marten Losekanne, who acquired a license for Wapenforde, but changed the name to Ostforde, which he claims to be the same harbour as Bernforde.
Transcript available
1591
Iceland
Testimonies of Icelanders Halgrimur Niklasson, who claims that his father was bailiff in Ostfordsyssel and has never heard of a harbour called Ostforde, and Torsten Tusteson, who claims that when he was in the region, he heard that Bremen merchants were trading in Dupwage in Bernforde.
1591, May 7
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark to Bremen: states that Daniel Elers from Hamburg and governour Lorentz Kruse on Iceland have come to him and complained about the presence of Marten Losekanne from Bremen in Elers's harbour in Iceland, and asks Losekanne therefore to refrain from further use of the harbour.
1591, July 9
Wolfenbüttel
Duke Henry Julius of Brunswick-Lüneburg to the Danish Council of the Realm: request for a license for the harbour Stappe in Iceland, on behalf of his factor Detmar Kenckel in Bremen.
Transcript available
1591, August 21
Eyjólfsstaðir
Biorn Gunnarsson declares that the Bremen merchants who have trade in the harbour Ostforde in Iceland for 80 years have behaved themselves very well, and wishes that their license may be continued, and that Dupwage is located opposite Fulewick.
Transcript available
1591, August 21
Vík (Fáskrúðsfjörður)
Jon Jonson, elderman in Foschesvorde, declares that the Bremen merchants have always behaved well and peacefully in Fulewick in Iceland, and helped the local people, and therefore would like them to stay.
Transcript available
1591, August 24
Fýluvogur
Priest Einar Magnusson repeatedly declares that Bremen merchants Marten Losekanne and Johan Oldenbuttel have behaved themselves very well in Fulewick in Iceland, have sold better merchandise than Hamburg merchants, and help the local people by bringing them fishing boats and timber for maintenance of the churches.
Transcript available
1591, August 25
Geithellar
Bailiffs Elendur Magnusson, Bryniolfur Jonson and Gudmundur Eyolfson declare that Bremen merchants in the harbour Ostforde in Iceland sell better commodities than Hamburg merchants and help the local people.
Transcript available
1591, September 7
Bremen
Dietmar Kenckel to Bremen: request to use the harbour Stappe in Iceland, for which a license was previously held by his father Dietmar Kenckel, and later by Hamburg merchants, whose license has now ended.
1591, September 11
Bremen
Bremen to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for a license for the harbour Stappe in Iceland on behalf of Dietmar Kenckel, which was held before by his father.
Transcript available
1591, End
Anonymous note, which states that there has never been a ship in the harbour Durholmer in Iceland because it is so far away from everything.
1591, December
Gottorf
Prince-archbishop John Adolf of Bremen to king Christian IV of Denmark: asks on behalf of Bremen merchants to protect their interests in the harbour Ostforde in Iceland and to forbid the Hamburg merchants from sailing there.
Transcript available
1591, between December 12 and 29
Copenhagen
Representative of the Hamburg merchants with Bernforde to the Danish Council of the Realm: reply to complaints from the Bremen representative in the conflict about the use of the harbour Ostforde/Bernforde in Iceland, in which he states that although the Bremen merchants have a license for Ostforde, this refers to a quarter of the entire land and not to a specific harbour like Bernforde.
1591, December 5
Bremen
Marten Losekanne and Johan Oldenbuttel to prince-archbishop John Adolf of Bremen: complain that they have used the harbour Ostforde in Iceland for over 80 years, and now Daniel Elers from Hamburg has received a license for the harbour Bernforde, which is in fact the same harbour, and ask for mediation at the Danish court.
1591, December 5
Bremen
Bremen to king Christian IV of Denmark: letter of consignment for secretary Daniel Bisterfeldt, who will come to discuss matters on behalf of the merchants with Iceland.
1591, December 20
Copenhagen
Daniel Elers and Hamburg merchants in Bernforde in Iceland to the Danish Council of the Realm: complaint about their fellow citizen Joachim Warneke, who traded illegally in Bernforde and bought train oil there. Therefore, their support in requested in acquiring compensation of the train oil.
1592
Hamburg
Matthias Eggers to the Danish council of the Realm: request for renewal of his license for the harbour Hofsos in Iceland, for six years.
1592, January 4
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Marten Losekanne from Bremen to trade with the harbour Ostforde in Iceland for four years, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1592, January 12
Hamburg
Laurens Schroder to Hamburg: request for a license for the harbour Ruteforde, west of Schagestrand, in Iceland, of which bishop Gudbrand Turlaksson and lawman Jon Jonson have told him it is free.
1592, January 15
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for a license for the harbour Ruteforde in Iceland, on behalf of Laurens Schroder.
1592, February 11
Copenhagen
Jochim Holste declares that his fellow shipowner Laurens Schroder from Hamburg has received a license for the harbour Ruteforde, west of Schagestrand in Iceland the day before. However, if the harbour is already in use by someone else, they will not use their license.
1592, February 18
Copenhagen
Cordt Basse, Hans Schomaker, Hans Hering and Hans Lindeman to Hamburg: request for a combined license for two harbours in Iceland, namely Wapenforde, formerly used by Paul Lindeman, father of Hans, and Dureshave in Langenes, formerly used by the others, because both harbours are too close to each other to sail there with two ships.
1592, February 23
Hamburg
Heinrich Moller to Hamburg: request for a license for the harbour Wapenforde in Iceland, which was formerly held by Paul Lindeman, but he was attacked by pirates in two consecutive years, and could not get to Iceland because of storm in 1591, after which Moller went there instead.
1592, February 26
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for renewal of the licenses for the harbours Wapenforde and Dureshave in Langenes in Iceland on behalf of Cordt Basse, Hans Schomaker, Hans Hering, and Hans Lindeman. It is also requested to merge the two licenses, as it is better to sail there with one large ship than with two small ones, for protection against pirates.
1592, February 26
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for a license for the harbour Wapenforde in Iceland, on behalf of Heinrich Moller.
1592, March 7
Hamburg
Peter Sivers to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for renewal of his license for the harbour Schagestrand in Iceland, and protection of his business against Laurens Schroder, who was in his service for two years, and then acquired his own license for Ruteforde, which is so close to Schagestrand that it can be considered the same harbour.
1592, March 10
Hamburg
Cillie Lindeman, wife of Paul Lindeman, to the Danish council of the Realm: request for renewal of the license for the harbour Wapenforde, which was in use by her father, and after his death by her husband for one year, and afterwards shall be combined with the license for Dureshave in Langeneß on behalf of her son Hans Lindeman and his companions Cordt Basse, Hans Schomaker and Hans Hering.
1592, March 24
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Cordt Basse, Hans Hering and Hans Schomaker from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Dureshave in Iceland for three years, on the condition that they will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1592, May 19
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Johan Hudeman and Friederich Koster from Bremen to trade with the harbour Bodenstede in Iceland for three years, on the condition that they will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1592, September 9
Hamburg
Ambrosius Loring to Hamburg: request for a renewal of his license for the harbour Stappe in Iceland.
1592, September 12
Hamburg
Hamburg to the Danish council of the Realm: request for a renewal of the license for the harbour Stappe in Iceland on behalf of Ambrosius Loring.
1592, October 1
Antvorskov
King Christian IV of Denmark renews the permission for Ambrosius Loring from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Stappe in Iceland for three years, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
Transcript available
1592, October 1
Visborg
Former governour Laurens Kruse of Iceland declares that Carsten Bake from Bremen has left the harbour Holm in Iceland to Luder Ottersen from Lübeck.
Transcript available
1592, October 10
Hamburg
Hamburg merchants with Iceland to Hamburg: complaints about the behaviour of the English merchants and fishermen in and around Iceland, who fish so much that nothing is left for the Icelanders and German merchants, attack German ships and trade illegally.
1592, October 18
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request renewal of the license for the harbour Kibbelwick in Iceland, on behalf of Hans von Hutlen.
1592, October 19
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: accompanying letter to extensive complaints against fishing and trading activities of the English in Iceland, and request to prohibit them from visiting Iceland.
1592, October 19
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for the renewal of the license for the harbour Botsand in the south of Iceland on behalf of Reimer Ratkens. The license was previously issued to his deceased companion Jurgen Schinckel.
1592, October 22
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request to renew the license for the harbour Grindewick in Iceland, which was issued in 1589 to Bernd Osthof, on behalf of his companion Paul Barnefeld.
1592, October 24
Hamburg
Bartelt Elers and Roleff Eis to Hamburg: request for renewal of their license for the harbour Iseforde in Iceland, where they have suffered greatly from English interference.
1592, October 29
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for renewal of the license for the harbour Iseforde in Iceland on behalf of Bartelt Elers and Roleff Eis, who have suffered greatly from English interference recently.
1592, November 16
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Pawel Barnefeld from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Grindewick in Iceland for three years, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights. The name of Hans Steinkamp is added in pencil.
1592, December 8
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for renewal of the license for the harbour Ostfriedenes or Hoddenforde in Iceland on behalf of Jochim Focke, or a license for the harbour Rodeforde, because two Bremen merchants have interfered with his business on multiple occasions.
Transcript available
1592, December 31
Bremen
Carsten Bake to the Danish council of the Realm: describes the long tradition of his family of trading in Iceland, and complains about how he had to use different harbours all the time. Therefore, he requests a license for the harbours Neswage and Hellesandt.
Transcript available
1593
Johan Vogt to the Danish council of the Realm: request for a license for the harbour Holm in Iceland on behalf of his master Luder Ottersen. The license was since 1590 held by Carsten Bake from Bremen, who cooperated with Ottersen, and now a new license is requested for Ottersen himself.
1593, January 1
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Bartelt Elers and Roleff Eis from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Iseforde in Iceland for three years, on the condition that they will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1593, January 1
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Reimer Ratkens from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Botsand in Iceland for three years, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1593, January 1
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Hans von Kleve from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Watnow in Iceland for three years, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1593, January 2
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Jochim Focke from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Ostfriedenes or Hoddenforde in Iceland for three years, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1593, January 3
Bremen
Bremen to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for a license for the harbours Neswage and Kummerwage, which have not been used for two years, on behalf of Carsten Bake, who has traded in Iceland for a long time in different harbours, as well as his father.
1593, January 16
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for renewal of the license for the harbour Iseforde in Iceland, on behalf of Bartelt Elers and Roleff Eis, who have suffered greatly from English interference recently, and sail with two ships, so two copies of the license are requested.
Transcript available
1593, February 28
Bremen
Carsten Bake to Bremen: describes how his father Vasmer Bake has been active in Iceland for many years, and himself has been trading in the harbours Neswage, Flatto and Holm, but lost them all to others, so that he still has many outstanding debts in various places, and therefore requests the use of Neswage and Kummerwage, which have remained unused for two years.
1593, March 2
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Peter Sivers from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Schagestrand in Iceland for three years, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights. Changed to Jurgen Vilter after Sivers's death.
1593, March 2
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Hans von Hutlen from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Kibbelwick in Iceland for three years, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1593, April 27
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Carsten Bake from Bremen to trade with the harbours Neswage and Lando in Iceland for three years. After expiration of the license, the harbour will be given to the count of Oldenburg again.
Transcript available
1593, September 4
Bremen
Bremen to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for a prolongation of the license for the harbour Flatto in Iceland, which was formerly given to Pall Jonsson for four years, on behalf of Bremen citizen Bernd Jonsson, who was born in Iceland.
1593, October 9
Kolding
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Berndt Jonson from Bremen to trade with the harbour Flatto in Iceland for three years, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights. In 1596, after Jonson's death, the harbour was given to Danish subjects.
1593, October 24
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for a renewal of the two licenses for the harbour Haneforde in Iceland, on behalf of skippers Hans Holtgreve and Hans Jaspers, and their shipowners Wichman Berman, Otto Ebeling, Jacob Hambrock and Matthias Poppe.
Transcript available
1594
Hamburg
Hans Elers to royal secretary Augustinus Erich: writes that lawman Jon Jonsson has asked him and Jurgen van Winsen to sail to the harbour Ruteforde in Iceland, and requests a license to do so. A license has been given in 1591 to Laurens Schroder and Jochim Holste, but they are not using it.
Transcript available
1594, August 26
Anonymous complaint about interference of Bremen merchant Hans Honne in the harbours Kummerwage and Neswage in Iceland. When merchant Harmen Kloppenborg went to Neswage, he found their booths destroyed and burnt to the ground, the Bremen merchants claiming they had a royal license to use the harbour.
1594, October 22
Oldenburg
Count John VII of Oldenburg to the king Christian IV of Denmark: complaint about the license given by Carsten Bake to Bremen merchants for the harbour Neswage in Iceland for three years. Although the count has never officially asked for renewal of the Oldenburg license after the previous king's death, his merchants have always behaved themselves well, and he sees no reason to give the harbour to Bremen.
1594, November 1
Hamburg
Cordt Basse and Hans Hering to Hamburg: request for renewal of their license for the harbour Dureshave in Iceland.
1594, November 1
Hamburg
Cordt Basse, Hans Hering and Jacob Winock to Hamburg: request for renewal of their license for the harbour Wapenforde in Iceland.
1594, November 4
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for a license to use the harbour Dureshave in Iceland on behalf of Cordt Basse and Hans Hering, and a license for the harbour Wapenforde on behalf of Basse, Hering and Jacob Winock.
1594, November 20
Frederiksborg
King Christian IV of Denmark to count John VII of Oldenburg: the count should have been more concerned with the situation in Iceland in the past. Now the license for the harbour Neswage has been given to Bremen and cannot be made undone, but if the count will request a new license after the current license expires, the king will gladly grant it to him.
1595, February 15
Hamburg
Heinrich Moller to Hamburg: request for a license for the harbour Dureshave in Iceland, where the inhabitants have asked him to sail there, or else for the harbour Rodeforde, which is currently not licensed to anyone.
1595, February 19
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for a license for the harbour Dureshave or Rodeforde in Iceland on behalf of Heinrich Moller, who has sailed for many years to Iceland before.
1595, July 3
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for renewal of the license for the harbour Schavenforde in Iceland, on behalf of Albert Sivers, who has sailed there for many years, and the oldest son of Matthias Eggers, who drowned in the Elbe recently.
1595, July 3
Hamburg
Christoffer Bergerdorp and Hans Hering to Hamburg: request for a renewal of the license for the harbour Schavenforde in Iceland on behalf of their stepson and son-in-law Albert Sivers, who is currently there. The previous license was issued to Sivers' companion Matthias Eggers, who drowned in the Elbe on his way to Iceland. The new license should also be issued for Matthias Eggers's oldest son, who wants to sail along as well.
1595, August 22
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for renewal of the license for the harbour Hofsos in Iceland on behalf of Hans Eggers, the eldest son of the deceased Matthias Eggers, who drowned in the Elbe this year. Matthias's companion Albert Sivers sent a request as well.
1595, September 1
Bremen
Bremen to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for continuation of the license for the harbour Bodenstede in Iceland on behalf of Johan Hudeman and Cordt Walleman, which was formerly held by Hudeman and Friedrich Koster, but the latter is now sailing to Neswage, for which a continuation is requested as well.
1595, October 1
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for renewal of the license for the harbour Stappe in Iceland on behalf of Ambrosius Loring.
1595, October 2
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for renewal of the license for the harbour Botsandt in Iceland on behalf of Reimer Ratkens.
1595, November 16
Bremen
Skipper Johan Oldenbuttel, Marten Losekanne, Johan Reineken's widow and children to Bremen: request for a prolongation of the four-year license for the harbour Ostforde in Iceland.
1595, November 25
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for renewal of the license for the harbour Kibbelwick in Iceland, on behalf of Hans von Hutlen.
1595, November 25
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for a renewal of the license for the harbour Iseforde in Iceland on behalf of Bartelt Elers and Roleff Eis, who sail there with two ships, as well as an extension to Alteforde, which is currently not in use and where the inhabitants have complained that they have to travel so far to Iseforde.
1595, December 2
Bremen
Bremen to king Christian IV of Denmark: request a renewal of the license for the harbour Ostforde in Iceland on behalf of Johan Oldenbuttel, Marten Losekanne, and Johan Reineken's widow and children.
1595, December 10
Aarhus
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Hans von Hutlen from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Kibbelwick in Iceland for three years, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1596
Bremen
Hans Honne of Bremen to king Christian IV of Denmark: after he has requested a license for the harbour Flattoh in Iceland, which was refused because it was already given to citizens of Copenhagen, he now requests a license for Grindeforde or Landoh, which have not been used for fifteen years.
1596, January 2
Skanderborg
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Johan Oldenbuttel, Marten Losekanne (later changed to Johan and Friedrich Wilkens) and Johan Reineke's widow from Bremen to trade with the harbour Ostforde in Iceland for three years.
1596, January 14
Aarhus
Niels Busk to Fritz Pöner, toll collector in Rendsburg: mentions how he has talked to his son in Aarhus, who was interested in applying for a license for a harbour in Iceland, and that one harbour in the west has become free. As he already has a license for Ströme himself, he is not interested in it, but he has heard that men from Bremen have also applied for it. Therefore, Pöner's sons should apply immediately, as the Bremen men will receive an answer on February 14.
1596, January 23
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for renewal of the license for the harbour Watnow in Iceland, on behalf of Hans and Claus von Kleve, father and son.
1596, February 19
Oldenburg
Count John VII of Oldenburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for a license to use the harbours Grundeforde, Kummerwage, and Neswage in Iceland, after the license for Neswage given to Bremen merchants by Carsten Bake expires.
1596, April 1
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Jochim Focke from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Ostfriedenes or Hoddenforde in Iceland for three years, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1596, April 1
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits count John VII of Oldenburg to trade with the harbours Kummerwage and Neswage in Iceland for three years.
Transcript available
1596, April 1
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Jochim Vocken from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Langenese in Iceland for three years, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights, and grants him safe passage in Danish waters.
1596, April 19
Oldenburg
Count John VII of Oldenburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: sends the king two horses, and thanks him for the license for the harbours Kummerwage and Neswage in Iceland, as well as for his help in the Oldenburg claims in Kniphausen, and expresses his regret in not acquiring a license for Grundeforde, which he has had before.
1596, October 22
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for renewal of the two licenses for the harbour Haneforde in Iceland for six years, on behalf of Hans Holtgreve and Joachim Hare, companion of the deceased Hans Jaspers.
1596, December 24
Hamburg
Joachim Terminau to king Christian IV of Denmark: because of his good services as a translator at the marriage of Christian's sister with the Scottish king, the Council of the Realm promised him the use of a harbour in Iceland. Therefore, as Berndt Salfeldt died a few days ago, a license for his harbour Reff is requested.
1597, January 14
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: repeated request for renewal of the two licenses for the harbour Haneforde in Iceland for six years, on behalf of Hans Holtgreve and Joachim Hare, companion of the deceased Hans Jaspers.
1597, January 15
Hamburg
Herman Beverborch to Hamburg: relates how he has sailed to Iceland for 21 years, and hoped to sail to the harbour Reff in a company with Bernd Salfeld's heirs. As he did not succeed in doing so, he therefore requests a license for the harbour Hellesandt, which was used by English merchants before, but which has not been licensed to anyone.
1597, January 18
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for a license for the harbour Hellesandt in Iceland on behalf of Herman Beverborch.
Transcript available
1597, before March 11
Oldenburg
[Oldenburg merchants with Iceland] to count John of Oldenburg: although Oldenburg merchants have used the harbours Neswage, Kummerwage, and Grundeforde with royal permission for years, Bremen merchants have started in the previous year 1596 to trade in the harbour Stickingsholm, which is just another name for Neswage and therefore illegal.
1597, March 11
Oldenburg
Count Johan of Oldenburg to Heinrich Ramel, royal Danish privy councillor: besides a request to buy corn in Denmark, the count complains about Bremen merchants in Iceland, who use the harbour Neswage under the name Stickingsholm with the support of sheriff Carsten Bake, damaging the Oldenburg trade there, and demands that the king forbids this.
1597, March 18
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Hans Holtgreve from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Haneforde in Iceland for one year, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1597, March 18
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Joachim Harre from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Haneforde in Iceland for one year, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1597, March 22
Oldenburg
Count John VII of Oldenburg to Christian Friese, Danish privy counselor: besides a request for the permission to buy rye in Denmark, the count complains about Bremen merchants, who use the harbour Neswage in Iceland under the name Stickingsholm with support of sheriff Carsten Bake, damaging the Oldenburg trade there, and asks for his help in negotiating the matter with the king.
1597, March 22
Oldenburg
Count John VII of Oldenburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: besides a request for permission to buy rye in Denmark, the count complains about Bremen merchants, who use the harbour Neswage in Iceland under the name Stickingsholm with support of governour Carsten Bake, damaging the Oldenburg trade there, and asks once again for royal support in the matter.
1597, April 18
Kronborg
King Christian IV of Denmark to count John VII of Oldenburg: besides declaring that the prohibition on Danish export of rye will remain, he mentions to have sent the city council of Bremen a letter in which he asks them to stop their activities in the harbour Stickingsholm in Iceland, and to send back their license.
1597, April 28
Oldenburg
Count Johan of Oldenburg to governor Brostrup Gedde of Iceland: sends him a copy of the letter of the Danish king to Bremen, in which he forbids them to use the harbour Stickingsholm in Iceland, and asks him to prevent Bremen merchants from doing so.
Transcript available
1547, July 27
Strönd í Selvogi
Icelandic lawman Ellender Torwarderson to the skippers and merchants in Haneforde: Writes that he regrets not being able to come to them, but he sends them a copy of the Althing verdict of 1545, which is concerned with the winter stay on Iceland.
Transcript available
1597, September 3
Oldenburg
Harmen Kloppenburg reports that he was lucky to have arrived eight days before the Bremen merchants in Iceland, who nowadays buy all the fish in Grundeforde which used to be sold in Kummerwage. Moreover, sheriff Carsten Bake only accepted the tolls for Kummerwage and not for Neswage, which he had given to Bremen.
1597, October 5
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for renewal of the two licenses for the harbour Haneforde in Iceland on behalf of Joachim Hare and Hans Holtgreve.
1597, November 15
Itzehoe
Hans Elers to Augustus Erich, secretary of the German chancery of Denmark: request for a license for the harbour Ruteforde in Iceland, which has never been licensed to anyone, or else Dureshave, for which Hamburg has a license, but which they haven't used yet.
1598, January 7
Haderslev
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Luder Ottersen from Lübeck to trade with the harbour Orbackhaffe in Iceland for three years, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1598, January 10
Oldenburg
Oldenburg merchants with Iceland to [Bremen]: remind them about the letter of the Danish king, in which he prohibited Bremen merchants to use the harbour Stickingsholm, and of which they included a copy, and ask the merchants from Bremen to respect that prohibition.
1598, January 17
Haderslev
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Cordt Basse, Hans Hering and Jacob Winock from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Wapenforde in Iceland for three years, on the condition that they will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1598, January 17
Haderslev
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Cordt Basse and Hans Hering from Hamburg to trade with the harbour Dureshave in Iceland for three years, on the condition that they will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1598, January 28
Viborg
Niels Busk to Augustus Erik, secretary of the German chancery of Denmark: writes that he and his shipowners want to keep the harbour Flatto in Iceland, which Frederick Leyel from Helsingør does not want to give up, and ask for information from a man from Bremen.
before 1598, June 20
Hamburg
Joachim Menges to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for renewal of the license for the harbour Bereforde in Iceland, on behalf of Jacob Fincken from Flensburg, who was merchant in the service of the deceased Hamburg merchant Daniel Elers, who held the previous license. Also a request to write to England for measures against Welshman Peter Maar, who interfered with their business in Iceland.
1598, June 20
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Jacob Fincken from Flensburg to trade with the harbour Bereforde in Iceland, which was formerly used by the deceased Daniel Elers from Hamburg, for three years, on the condition that he will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1598, June 23
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for a license for the harbour Grindewick in Iceland on behalf of Bernd Osthoff to the Danish king. Osthoff had used the harbour before, and afterwards Paul Barnefeld.
1598, June 23
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for a license to use the harbour Alteforde in Iceland, on behalf of Paul Barnefeld and Paul Albers, who have heard that the said harbour is available.
1598, July 25
Hamburg
Hamburg to Danish councillor Christoffer Valckendorf: has sent a request for a license for the harbour Grindewick in Iceland on behalf of Bernd Osthoff to the Danish king. Osthoff had used the harbour before, and afterwards Paul Barnefeld. As the king is apparently not in Denmark and unable to respond to the letter, the same request is asked from Valckendorff.
Transcript available
1598, August 19
Report of the hearing of witnesses in the case of shipowner and merchant Harmen Kloppenburg against the skipper Dirich Walleman, about a ship he had chartered Walleman to sail with to Iceland. Walleman is accused by Kloppenburg of having traded on his own account as well, and that a part of the fish got wet during transport.
1598, August 28
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for renewal of the license for the harbour Hofsos in Iceland on behalf of Albert Sivers and Hans Eggers, son of Matthias.
1598, September 18
Bremen
Bremen to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for renewal of the licenses for the harbour Stickingsholm in Iceland on behalf of Friederich Koster, and Bodenstede on behalf of Cordt Walleman, which they had received for three years in 1596.
1598, September 21
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for renewal of the license for the harbours Strome and Watlose in Iceland, on behalf of Rotmar Pöner from Rendsburg and Cordt Wemeyer, Jacob Hambrock and Heinrich Ratkens from Hamburg.
1598, September 27
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Hans von Hutlen, Jacob Hambrock, Rotman Pöner and Herman Kopman from Hamburg to trade with the harbours Strome and Wattlose in Iceland for three years, on the condition that they will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1598, November 8
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for renewal of the license for the harbour Schagestrandt in Iceland, on behalf of Jurgen Vilter.
1598, December 9
Bremen
Bremen to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for renewal of the license for the harbour Ostforde in Iceland, on behalf of Johan Oldenbuttel, Marten Losekanne, and Johann Reinekens widow.
1599, Autumn
Hamburg
Johan Holtgreve to the Danish privy councillor Christoffer Valckendorf: request for a license for the harbour Altenforde in Iceland, because lawman Jon Jonsson has complained that the merchants in nearby Iseforde do not provide the local population with enough commodities.
1599, Autumn
Hamburg
[Johan Holtgreve to the merchants in Iseforde in Iceland]: writes how lawman Jon Jonsson has complained how the merchants in Iseforde do not provide the local population with enough commodities, because they only sail there with one ship, and asks them to allow him in Alteforde.
1599, February 1
Hamburg
Eldermen of the confraternity of Iceland merchants to Hamburg: complain about the raise of tolls in Iceland from one to two portugaleser, or 32 reichstaler, which combined with the increasing corn prices and the risk of piracy means that it is hard to make a profit, and therefore ask for cancellation of this extra toll.
1599, February 3
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for renewal of the license for the harbour Ostfriedenes, also called Rodeforde, in Iceland, on behalf of Joachim Focke.
1599, February 3
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for renewal of the license for the harbour Botsandt in Iceland, on behalf of Reimer Ratkens.
1599, February 4
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: complaint about the raise of tolls in Iceland of one portugaleser.
1599, May 4
Oldenburg
The council of the count of Oldenburg declares that Harmen Kloppenburg has a royal Danish permission to use the harbours Kummerwage and Neswage in Iceland.
1599, May 4
Oldenburg
Harmen Kloppenburg and his crew to the council of the count of Oldenburg: as the license to use the harbours Kummerwage and Neswage in Iceland has been taken by the count to an imperial meeting in Magdeburg, and it is time to leave for Iceland, the council is asked to provide a statement that the Oldenburg merchants are allowed to use the said harbours.
1599, August 24
Skriðuklaustur
Jacob Winock, sheriff of Skriðuklaustur and Múlasýsla, to Augustinus Erich, secretary of the Danish German chancery: states how Jochim Focke has received a license for the harbour Horne- and Ostforde in Iceland, which is already in use by Friedrich Tilebare from Bremen. Therefore, the German chancery should inform about the matter.
1599, August 29
Þingeyrarklaustur
Lawman Jon Jonsson to chancellor Heinrich Ramel of the Danish German chancery: writes that the poor people in Iseforde in Iceland have complained that the merchants there do not bring enough commodities, because they sail there with one ship where before there were two. Therefore, he requests a license for nearby Alteforde on behalf of Johan Holtgreve, who has traded in Iceland for 18 years and is an honest merchant.
1599, November 5
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for a license for the harbours Husawick or Roderhebde in Iceland, which are not in use by anyone, on behalf of Andreas Selm and Jurgen Vilter, who have traded in Iceland before.
1599, November 10
Oldenburg
Count John VII of Oldenburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for a prolongation of the license for the harbours Kummerwage and Neswage in Iceland for a longer period than three years, as well as an extension of the license to the harbours Grundeforde and Landoh.
1599, December 18
Hamburg
Hamburg to the Danish privy councillor Christoffer Valckendorf: complaint on behalf of the Hamburg merchants in Iseforde in Iceland, who were accused by lawman Jon Jonsson of not having brought enough commodities for the local population, but who have sailed there for 12 years and have acquired a license in 1598 for three years. Therefore, it is asked to reject the request of Johan Holtgreve to sail there as well.
1599, December 22
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark to count John VII of Oldenburg: permits the use of the harbours Kummerwage and Neswage in Iceland for another three years, but Grundeforde and Landoh are already in use by someone else.
1600, January 2
Oldesloe
Oldesloe to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for a license for the harbours Husewick and Schlete in Iceland, which are not in use, on behalf of Michael Barchstede, who has traded in England before.
1600, January 3
Oldesloe
Oldesloe to Danish councillor Christoffer Valckendorff: request for a license for the harbours Husewick and Schlete in Iceland, which are not in use, on behalf of Michael Barchstede, who has traded in England before.
1600, August 28
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for renewal of the license to use the harbour Haneforde in Iceland, on behalf of Joachim Hare, Jacob Hambrock, Cordt Moller, and Dirick Berman.
1600, August 28
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for renewal of the license to use the harbour Haneforde in Iceland, on behalf of Hans Holtgreve and shipowners Cordt Bleke, Herman Kopman and Dirick Hambrock.
1600, September 22
Oldenburg
Count John VII of Oldenburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for a permission to use the harbour Stickingsholm in Iceland, now the Bremen license has expired, and request to send the licenses in threefold.
1600, September 22
Oldenburg
Count John VII of Oldenburg to royal Danish councillors Christian Pryesen, Mandrup Pasbergen, and Heinrich Ramel: besides a request for help in a conflict with the count of Ostfriesland, they are asked for help in acquiring a license for trading with Iceland at the Danish king.
1600, October 14
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark permits Hans von Hutlen, Jacob Hambrock, Rotman Pöner and Herman Kopman from Hamburg to trade with the harbours Strome and Watlose in Iceland for three years, on the condition that they will trade commodities of good quality, and will not use false measures and weights.
1600, October 24
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for renewal of the licenses for Wapenforde in Iceland on behalf of Hans Hering, Claus Olde and Herman Gansberg, which was acquired in 1598 by Hering, Cordt Basse (who died) and Jacob Winock (who received an office in Iceland), and for Dureshave on behalf of Hans Hering alone, which he held formerly with Cordt Basse.
1600, November 13
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for a license for the harbour Hellesand or Olefswick in Iceland, which are currently not in use, on behalf of Berndt Salfeld the Younger, including permission to sail to Reff to reclaim the outstanding debts of his father there, who sailed there for more than fifty years, but died three years ago. He had already applied for a license for Reff in January the same year, but it was given to Gerd Melsow from Bergen.
Transcript available
1601
Overview of the harbours in use in Iceland and in which year their licenses expire, 1601-1603.
1601, January 9
Bremen
Carsten Bake to Bremen: describes how he has gotten into a conflict with lawman Jon Jonsson in Iceland about unpaid debts and was expelled from the island with wife and children and not allowed to have his debts repaid. Therefore he asks to use the harbour Stappe for a number of years, to compensate his losses.
1601, January 29
Bremen
Bremen to king Christian IV of Denmark: state that Carsten Bake has gotten into a conflict with lawman Jon Jonsson in Iceland, and ask for a license for the harbour Stappe, to compensate his losses.
1601, January 30
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request on behalf of Danish merchant Nicolaus Bus and Jacob Beneke from Hamburg, that if a harbour in Iceland becomes available, they would like to receive a license for it.
1601, February 13
Hamburg
Bernd and Henning Salfeld to Hamburg: renewed request for a license for the harbours Hellesand or Olefswick in Iceland, which are currently not in use, including permission to sail to Reff to reclaim their father's outstanding debts, who sailed there for over fifty years and died recently, but now Reff is in use by Gerdt Melsow from Bergen. A previous request was left unanswered.
1601, February 16
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: repeated request for a license for the harbours Hellesand or Olefswick in Iceland, which are currently not in use, on behalf of Bernd Salfeld the Younger, including permission to sail to Reff to reclaim his father's outstanding debts, who sailed there for over fifty years.
Transcript available
1601, July 18
Nyborg
King Christian IV of Denmark to Hamburg: replies to the request of Michael Betken to use the harbour Grindewick in Iceland, that after the current licenses have expired, merchants from Hamburg and Bremen are not allowed to trade there anymore.
1601, July 24
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark grants the use of all harbours in Iceland to the inhabitants of Copenhagen and other surrounding cities, and forbids the count of Oldenburg to trade there after his license for the harbours Nesvogur and Kumbaravogur has expired.
1601, October 28
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: complaint about the prohibition of the Icelandic trade for foreigners, which is unfair because they have always served the local population well, and it damages the involved merchants, who still have many outstanding debts, and the poor and sick who depend on the confraternity of Iceland merchants.
1601, October 29
Hamburg
Hamburg merchants with Iceland to Hamburg: reaction to the prohibition of the Icelandic trade for foreigners, which they claim is unfair, as they have served the Icelandic population for over 200 years with good commodities and have maintained good relations with them. Moreover, as the prohibition came unexpected, there are still many outstandig debts in 13 harbours for which the license has expired.
1601, November 10
Oldenburg
Count John VII of Oldenburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: complaint about the royal prohibition to sail to Iceland. He claims the trade of his Copenhagen subjects will not suffer if the Oldenburg merchants use the former licenses, which the count had hoped would have been extended.
1601, December 4
Haderslev
King Christian IV of Denmark to count John VII of Oldenburg: states that he understands the count's problems, but will remain with his decision to forbid the Oldenburg trade with Iceland.
1601, December 13
Hamburg
Hans Steinkamp and Bernd Osthoff to Hamburg: complain how the ship of Hans Hare has shipwrecked on Helgoland on its way to Iceland, at which occasion most of their goods were lost, so that they had to cancel the journey to Iceland for this year. Because their license for the harbour Grindewick has expired, however, they ask permission to sail once more next year.
1601, December 28
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request on behalf of the merchants with Grindewick, to sail one more year to Iceland, because they have lost a lot of their commodities during a shipwreck of Hans Hare's ship on Helgoland in April this year.
1602, August
Copenhagen
Copenhagen merchants with Iceland to king Christian IV of Denmark: complaint about Johan Holtgreve from Hamburg, who sailed as a Helsingør merchant to Spakonefeldshoved and from there to Botsand, and about Hamburg merchants in Watlose, who interfere with their business in Kibbelwick, Grindewick and Haneforde. Therefore, they had to send two of their four ships back to Denmark with great losses.
1602, August 30
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: witness accounts of eight persons who sailed with Johan Holtgreve from Helsingør to Spakenefeldshovede in Iceland, who was accused by Copenhagen merchants that he interfered with their business by visiting the harbour Botsand. They tell how they could not reach Spakenefeldtshovede because of the sea ice, and were welcomed by the locals in Botsand because the Danish merchants in Kibbelwick would not trade with them.
Transcript available
[1602, Autumn]
[Hamburg]
Curdt Weimer, Hans van Huteln, Harmen Weimar, Jurgen Jordan, Henrich Eggerdts, Gise Kopman and Henrich Ordt to Hamburg: have been accused by the Danish king of having sailed to Iceland illegally, and in attendance of the trial, ask permission to unload their ship, as the commodities will otherwise detoriate.
1602, September 12
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: in reaction to complaints of Copenhagen merchants in Iceland, Johan Holtgreve has declared that he could not use the harbour Spakonefeldshovede because of the multitude of sea ice last year, and had to go to Botsand instead, where the locals were starving and could not sell their fishes to the Danish merchants because they were too small.
Transcript available
1602, September 13
Hamburg
Cordt Weimar, Hans von Hutlen, Herman Weimar, Jurgen Jordan, Heinrich Eggers, Gise Kopman and Heinrich Ort to Hamburg: state that they had a valid license for the harbour Watlose in Iceland and had been using the harbour for a long time, as can be confirmed by the Icelandic officials.
Transcript available
1602, September 13
Hamburg
List of persons who used the harbours Strome and Watlose in Iceland from 1573 onwards.
1602, September 16
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: answer to the complaint of Copenhagen merchants that Hamburg merchants have interfered in their business by using the harbour Watlose in Iceland, which is unfair, because they still had a valid license to use the harbour, and ask to sail there for one more year, because they still have many outstanding debts because of the bad weather last year.
Transcript available
1602, [before November 26]
[Hamburg]
Merchants who used to sail to Kiblewick to Hamburg: complain about the Haneforde merchants' proposal to sail commodities from Iceland to Denmark.
1602, November 27
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for a copy of the license for the harbour Walforde in Iceland on behalf of Heinrich Gerbrandt, Paul Focke, Michael Brautigam, Claus Makebusch, Johan Rentzel, Tonies Rode and Heinrich Smidt, after Rode and Smidt lost the license in 1601 during a shipwreck on the way back from Iceland, at which occasion skipper Joachim Greve died.
1603, February
Oldenburg
Count John VII of Oldenburg to prince Ulrich of Denmark: asks for help in acquiring a license to use the harbour Olefswick in Iceland for three years from the Danish king.
1603, February
Oldenburg
Count John VII of Oldenburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request to use the harbour Olafswick near Kummerwage in Iceland, which has never been used before, as the fish catches have been so bad in the previous year, that the Oldenburg merchants still have many outstanding debts on the island.
1603, February 16
Hamburg
Cordt Wemeyer and Hans von Hutlen to Hamburg: request to sail one more year to the harbours Watlose and Strome in Iceland, for which they still have a license, with a small ship to reclaim their outstanding debts.
1603, February 17
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request to trade normally one more year in the harbours Watlose and Strome in Iceland, on behalf of Cordt Wemeyer and Hans von Hutlen, who still have a license for a year, and if not, to get permission to sail with a small ship to Iceland to reclaim outstanding debts and goods.
Transcript available
1603, February 28
Hamburg
Merchants who used to sail to Walforde in Iceland to Hamburg: complain about the Haneforde merchants, who refuse to help them collect their outstanding debts in Iceland after their ship was lost on the Elbe, and ask for a new license from the king.
1603, March 4
Hamburg
Merchants with the harbour Walforde in Iceland to Hamburg: complain how after a shipwreck, during which they lost their license, the Danish king told them to transport their goods together with the merchants in Haneforde. As they refused because they have too many goods to transport themselves, it is requested to sail one more year to Walforde to collect outstanding debts.
1603, March 5
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: merchants in the harbour Walforde in Iceland request permission to sail one more year to collect their outstanding debts, as they still had a license, but lost it during a shipwreck, and therefore sailed with the Haneforde merchants, who refused to help them this year.
1603, March 10
Falkenberg
King Christian IV of Denmark to count John VII of Oldenburg: in answer to the count's request to use the harbour Olafswick in Iceland, he writes it already has been given to others, but that they can freely fish in the seas south of Iceland themselves, as the English and others do.
Transcript available
[1603, April]
[Hamburg]
Merchants with Walforde to Hamburg: ask permission to send a small ship with ballast to Iceland to collect their last debts, because they had a valid license, but lost it during a shipwreck.
1603, September 8
Hamburg
Berndt Salfeld to Hamburg: complains about how he went to the harbour Reff in Iceland to pick up a load of stockfish which was traded by his brother David, and which he couldn't take last year, but was accused by lawman Jon Jonsson that his license was expired, and his brother David had traded illegally in Reff, and his goods and booths were confiscated.
1603, September 13
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request to return the goods that were confiscated from Bernd Salfeld in Iceland by the lawman when he tried to collect his outstanding debts.
1603, September 23
Hamburg
Bernd Salfeld to Hamburg: complains about how he went to the harbour Reff in Iceland to pick up a load of stockfish which was traded by his brother David with consent of lawman Jon Jonsson, and which he couldn't take last year, but was accused by governour Ewalt Kruse that his license was expired, and his brother David had traded illegally in Reff, and his goods and booths were confiscated.
1603, November 13
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request to return the goods that were confiscated from Bernd Salfeld in Iceland by the governor and lawman when he tried to collect his outstanding debts.
1604, January 10
Hamburg
Bernd Salfeld to king Christian IV of Denmark: complains how his goods have been confiscated in Iceland by the governour by request of lawman Jon Jonsson, and was forced to pay 2000 daler because he tried to collect his outstanding debts, and asks to let Jonsson appear before court.
1604, January 23
Hamburg
Merchants who trade with Kibbelwick to Hamburg: final statement in the case about the freight space shared with the Haneforde merchants, in which they state that they reserved a space of 50 lasts on their ship for the goods of the Haneforde merchants, who never used and did not need this space, and filled it with all kinds of useless stuff in Iceland, only to annoy them.
1604, March 12
Hamburg
Merchants wo used to sail to Iceland to Hamburg: request for mediation with the Danish king to be allowed to sail one ship to Iceland to collect the goods, debts, and booths that are still on the island, or to transport these on a Danish ship, because they still have many outstanding debts on Iceland.
Transcript available
1604, March 13
[Hamburg]
Alberdt Sivers to Hamburg: writes that he has received a letter from Helsingør merchants, asking him to sail for them to Ohrbach in Iceland, and asks the city council to permit him to leave from Lübeck to Iceland and to return to Hamburg.
1604, March 17
Hamburg
Clawes von Kleve to Hamburg: relates how he has traded in Patersforde and Bildal in Iceland with his father for 40 years, and is now hired by Malmö merchant Olof Zuckerbecker to sail for him to Iceland, but the merchants who used to sail to the harbour Haneforde are obstructing him. He complains that they only do so out of jealousy, as their own license has expired, and that he is not acting against the city law, because he will sail from and return to Hamburg.
1604, March 22
Hamburg
Hamburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request on behalf of the merchants with Iceland, to send a small ship to Iceland to collect the goods, booths and ships that were left behind on the island.
Transcript available
1610, January 19
Hamburg
Hamburg to King Christian IV of Denmark: because Heinrich Krack was accused of having traded illegally in Iceland in 1609, he was brought to court in Hamburg, where he declared that he had been fishing near Shetland and the Faroes, and because he had caught too little and was driven by a storm to Iceland, he was forced to trade a little there to make a living. Therefore, it is asked to refrain from further prosecution.
1611, February 7
Oldenburg
Count Anton Günther of Oldenburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: writes that he has heard that the Copenhagen trade monopoly of Iceland will be revised, and therefore requests the use of one of the harbours Bodenstede, Stappe or Reff.
1611, March 7
Copenhagen
King Christian IV of Denmark to count Anton Günther of Oldenburg: states that the rumours that the Copenhagen monopoly on the trade with Iceland will be cancelled are not true and that the current situation will remain.
Transcript available
1611, March 29
Hamburg
Henrich Kracke to Hamburg: although governor Herloff Daa has accused him of having traded illegally in Iceland, Kracke has only been in Iceland to fish, and had sold just a little to Icelanders who had come to him at sea, so he did not interfere in anyone's business on land. Therefore, it is asked that all charges against him are dropped.
1611, March 30
Hamburg
Hamburg merchants who used to trade in Iceland to [Hamburg]: relate how the Danish king has forbidden them to trade with Iceland in 1601, and even though they still had a license for two years for the harbour Haneforde, they were hindered by the Danes, which left them with many outstanding debts. Therefore, it is asked to negotiate with the king for restoration of the old situation.
1629-1657
Hamburg
Second donation register of the confraternity of St Anne of the Hamburg merchants with Iceland, which contains donations from 1629-1657. Different than the first donation register, donations were mainly made by the eldermen and brothers of the confraternity, and only a few from ships returning from Shetland (last one in 1644) and a few other places.
1635, September 24/October 4
'Narratio et petitio Hamburg contra Dennemarck': anonymous account about the commercial position of Hamburg in Iceland and Norway.
After 1645
Oldenburg
Citizens of Oldenburg to king Christian IV of Denmark: request for permission to trade with Iceland again, after the Danish king has given them toll exemptions in the Sound and in Norway, like the merchants of Holland, in 1645.
1646, February 24
Glückstadt
King Christian IV of Denmark to Christian von Pentz, governor of Glückstadt: complains about how Icelandic goods that arrive in Glückstadt are immediately loaded onto Hamburg ships, and therefore commands that ships from Iceland should first be unloaded in the city, on the penalty of confiscation.
1657, August 1
Hamburg
'Copia der Islandische cassa': The last two living eldermen of the confraternity of merchants with Iceland in Hamburg, Laurens Schroder and Paul Baleke, together with the other eldermen Jacob Hambrock and Simon Kracke, declare that the capital of the confraternity will be transferred to the 'Seefahrer-Armenhaus' after their death.
1660, October 16
Copenhagen
King Frederick III of Denmark to Christian Rantzau, governor of Schleswig-Holstein: writes that he has heard that merchants trading with Iceland sail past Glückstadt to Hamburg, which is not allowed and should be prevented.
1665, September 2
Copenhagen
King Frederick III of Denmark to [Hamburg?]: proclaims that, even though he recently has allowed some ships from Iceland to pass Glückstadt to sail to Hamburg, this does not mean that Glückstadt's privileges will be changed, and that they should stop asking that.
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